Dêixis e a subjetividade inscrita na língua: a manifestação de dêiticos em enunciações orais e escritas de sujeitos com afasia

Abstract

This research aims to understand, through enunciative analysis of the language of subjects with aphasia, the phenomenon of deixis linked to the types of aphasia proposed by Roman Jakobson, the first linguist who researched the issues of language in disorder. Therefore, the written and oral productions of two subjects with aphasia who are part of the Interdisciplinary Research Group (GIC) of the Federal University of Santa Maria (RS), Brazil, were interrelated and analyzed. The aphasia classifications proposed by Jakobson were used. In order to understand the deictics in the language of subjects with aphasia, we follow Émile Benveniste's proposition that Man constitutes himself as a subject in and through language and, with that, we chose Benveniste's theory of enunciation to support our reflections. From this perspective, the phenomenon of deixis reveals the subject in the act of producing a unique and unrepeatable statement. Also, it is used to refer to the world through discourse. Therefore, in written and oral enunciative facts, the markers of person, space and time were considered, as well as the non-verbal (gestural) aspects involved in the constitution of meanings in enunciative situations. Each research participant attended six writing workshops and socialized orally with the rest of the Group, using the themes developed in each of the meetings. The deictic manifestations, on the collected oral records, led us to the observation that: there is a certain vehemence of person markers in the enunciative facts, related to similarity disorders, as well as the occurrence of metaphorized gestures, pointing gestures and facial expressions with different meanings. In the oral enunciative facts related to the contiguity disorder, the spacetime indicators are vehement, with little use of the pronoun “I”. In written records, the contiguity disorder manifests the absence of spatial deictics and the permanence of person markers. In similarity disorder, writing presents regularity in the use of the pronoun “I” and verbs conjugated in the past, present and future. Finally, we understand that the interrelation of deictic manifestations in orality and writing, and the types of aphasia proposed by Jakobson, point to possible displacements in the understanding of language in disorder.