Coumarin is a privilege scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Coumarin derivatives are still an emerging class of highly potent pharmaceutical drugs, best known in the field of antimicrobials and anticoagulants. Thiocoumarins are a particular class of coumarins in which one or two of the oxygen atoms are replaced by a sulfur. They are chemically subdivided in three groups: Thiocoumarins, 2-thioxocoumarins, and dithiocoumarins. This review emphasizes the rationale behind the synthesis and biological applications of the most relevant publications related to this family of compounds. Particular attention has been given to their potential as drug candidates, with particular emphasis in the last 5 years. This article is based on the most relevant information collected from multiple electronic databases, including SciFinder, Pubmed, Espacenet, and Mendeley. © 2022 by the authors.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, FCT, (CEECIND/02423/2018, EXPL/BIA-BQM/0492/2021, LA/P/0056/2020, PTDC/ASP-PES/28397/2017, UIDB/00081/2020); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN, (PID2020-116076RJ-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033); Universidade do Porto, U.Porto; Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, USC