Artigo
Recent advances in the understanding of brown spider venoms: From the biology of spiders to the molecular mechanisms of toxins
Registro en:
Toxicon. Oxford: Pergamon-elsevier Science Ltd, v. 83, p. 91-120, 2014.
0041-0101
10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.023
WOS:000335876300011
9162508978945887
0000-0003-2460-1145
Autor
Gremski, Luiza Helena
Trevisan-Silva, Dilza
Ferrer, Valeria Pereira
Matsubara, Fernando Hitomi
Meissner, Gabriel Otto
Martins Wille, Ana Carolina
Vuitika, Larissa
Dias-Lopes, Camila
Ullah, Anwar [UNESP]
Moraes, Fabio Rogerio de [UNESP]
Chavez-Olortegui, Carlos
Barbaro, Katia Cristina
Murakami, Mario Tyago
Arni, Raghuvir Krishnaswamy [UNESP]
Senff-Ribeiro, Andrea
Chaim, Olga Meiri
Veiga, Silvio Sanches
Resumen
The Loxosceles genus spiders (the brown spiders) are encountered in all the continents, and the clinical manifestations following spider bites include skin necrosis with gravitational lesion spreading and occasional systemic manifestations, such as intravascular hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. Brown spider venoms are complex mixtures of toxins especially enriched in three molecular families: the phospholipases D, astacin-like metalloproteases and Inhibitor Cystine Knot (ICK) peptides. Other toxins with low level of expression also present in the venom include the serine proteases, serine protease inhibitors, hyaluronidases, allergen factors and translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP). The mechanisms by which the Loxosceles venoms act and exert their noxious effects are not fully understood. Except for the brown spider venom phospholipase D, which causes dermonecrosis, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and renal failure, the pathological activities of the other venom toxins remain unclear. The objective of the present review is to provide insights into the brown spider venoms and loxoscelism based on recent results. These insights include the biology of brown spiders, the clinical features of loxoscelism and the diagnosis and therapy of brown spider bites. Regarding the brown spider venom, this review includes a description of the novel toxins revealed by molecular biology and proteomics techniques, the data regarding three-dimensional toxin structures, and the mechanism of action of these molecules. Finally, the biotechnological applications of the venom components, especially for those toxins reported as recombinant molecules, and the challenges for future study are discussed. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) INCTTOX Fundacao Araucaria-Parana Secretaria de Tecnologia e Ensino Superior do Parana, SETI-PR, Brasil Univ Fed Parana, Dept Biol Celular, BR-81531990 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Fed Parana, Hosp Clin, Dept Patol Clin, BR-81531990 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Ponta Grossa, Dept Biol Estrutural Mol & Genet, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil Univ Fed Minas Gerais, ICB, Dept Bioquim & Imunol, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Fis, Ctr Multiusutirio Inovacao Biomol, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil Inst Butantan, Lab Imunopatol, Sao Paulo, Brazil Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Energia & Mat, Lab Nacl Biociencias LNBio, Campinas, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Fis, Ctr Multiusutirio Inovacao Biomol, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil