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Determinación de la capacidad killer de levaduras nativas y la posible utilización de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (killer) y Hanseniaspora uvarum (killer) en la producción de bioetanol
Autor
Barona Herrera, Laura Marcela
Institución
Resumen
Colombia is a tropical country, rich in biodiversity, thanks to the great variety of ecosystems that
exist in it, with approximately 314 types of ecosystems in Colombia, according to data from the Ministry of
Sciences and Technology (2019). This biodiversity makes possible the use of microorganisms with
agroindustrial potential, among these, yeasts stand out where there are a large number of genera and species
that can be used to obtain products with high added value.
Yeasts are unicellular fungi capable of producing enzymes and other compounds, they are widely
used in the food industry (Bakery, production of fermented beverages), pharmaceutical, biotechnological
and for the production of ethanol (bioethanol) (Suárez-Machín, Garrido-Carralero, & Guevara-Rodríguez,
2016).
Among yeasts there is a group capable of secreting a protein toxin that affects the cell wall of socalled sensitive yeasts, this group is known as killer yeasts, the greatest importance of this group lies in the
impossibility of contamination by a large number of microorganisms, being that these yeasts have a diversity
of functions such as biological controllers since, due to their killer capacity, it eliminates other
contaminating microorganisms from important agro-industrial processes such as the production of
Bioethanol, they facilitate the production of wines in addition to the production of ethanol. This is why, for
the production of bioethanol, a killer yeast is ideal, finding that some varieties of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
meet these characteristics. This yeast is characterized by being chemoganotrophic, anaerobic and facultative
and is capable of using different sugars, in addition to being an organism that is easy to grow, with rapid
growth and great adaptability, ideal for the production of bioethanol, since this is the product end of the
alcoholic fermentation carried out by this microorganism with good production yields.
In this work, the aim was to isolate the yeast strains which were later characterized and identified
morphologically, biochemically and molecularly. From this characterization the strains of Saccharomyces
cerevisiae that possess killer characteristics and their capacity for the production of bioethanol were
selected. For the above, in the microbiology laboratory of the San Buenaventura Cali University, the yeasts
were isolated from agroindustrial fruits (Vittis vinícola, Annona muricata and Psidium guajava) and the
characterization of the yeast colonies and the morphology was carried out. of them, through the use of the
microscope and stereoscope, identifying both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. For the
biochemical identification, sowings and growths were carried out in specific culture medium related in the
Pitt and Hockings identification key, while the molecular identification was carried out in the research
laboratory of the San Buenaventura Cali University, using for DNA extraction the Soil DNA Isolation Plus
Kit, this DNA was replicated by means of PCR For the above, in the microbiology laboratory of the San Buenaventura Cali University, the yeasts
were isolated from agroindustrial fruits (Vittis vinícola, Annona muricata and Psidium guajava) and the
characterization of the yeast colonies and the morphology was carried out. of them, through the use of the
microscope and stereoscope, identifying both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. For the
biochemical identification, sowings and growths were carried out in specific culture media related in the
Pitt and Hockings identification key, while the molecular identification was carried out in the research
laboratory of the San Buenaventura Cali University, using for DNA extraction the Soil DNA Isolation Plus
Kit, this DNA was replicated by means of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) and sent to MacroGen for
further sequencing. The sequence alignment of the yeast strains was carried out with the BLAST software,
it was expected to identify the genus and species of the isolated strains. Subsequently, the Saccharomyces
cerevisiae strains were selected to determine the killer capacity where they were inoculated in the form of
groove and then the selected strains were added together with a control yeast. Finally, the bioethanol
production was determined by the selected strains with a controlled fermentation, using molasses as the
culture medium and determining the concentration of ethanol obtained by means of HPLC.
The killer capacity and the ethanol concentration obtained from the isolated yeasts were compared
with those expressed with the type yeasts reported in the literature and which are currently commonly used
for the production of bioethanol. Colombia es un país tropical, rico en biodiversidad, gracias a la gran variedad de ecosistemas que en él existen, siendo aproximadamente 314 tipos de ecosistemas en Colombia, según datos del Ministerio de Ciencias y Tecnología (2019). Esta biodiversidad hace posible la utilización de microorganismos con potencial agroindustrial, entre estos destacan las levaduras donde se encuentran una gran cantidad de géneros y especies que pueden ser aprovechados para la obtención de productos de alto valor agregado. Las levaduras son hongos unicelulares capaces de producir enzimas y otros compuestos, son muy usadas en la industria alimentaria (Panificación, elaboración de bebidas fermentadas), farmacéutica, biotecnológica y para la producción de etanol (bioetanol) (Suárez-Machín,Garrido-Carralero, & Guevara-Rodríguez, 2016). Entre las levaduras existe un grupo capaz de secretar una toxina proteica que afecta la pared celular de las levaduras denominadas sensibles, este grupo es conocido como levaduras killer, la mayor importancia de este grupo radica en la imposibilidad de contaminación por parte de un gran número de microorganismos, siendo que estas levaduras tienen una diversidad de funciones tales como controladores biológicos dado que por su capacidad killer elimina otros microorganismos contaminantes de procesos agroindustriales de importancia como la producción de Bioetanol, facilitan la producción de vinos además de la producción de etanol. Es por lo anterior que, para la producción de bioetanol, una levadura killer es ideal, encontrándose que algunas variedades de Saccharomyces cerevisiae cumplen con estas características. Esta levadura se caracteriza por ser quimiorganotrofa, anaerobia y facultativa y es capaz de utilizar diferentes azúcares, además de ser un organismo de fácil cultivo, con crecimiento rápido y de una gran adaptabilidad, ideal para la producción de bioetanol, ya que este es el producto final de la fermentación alcohólica realizado por este microorganismo con buenos rendimientos de producción. Universidad de San Buenaventura - Cali
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Determinación de la capacidad killer de levaduras nativas y la posible utilización de Saccharomyces cerevisiae (killer) y Hanseniaspora uvarum (killer) en la producción de bioetanol
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