Peridomicilary habitat and risk factors for Triatoma infestation in a rural community of the Mexican occident

Abstract

Background: In Oncology, the resistance of the cancerous cells to chemotherapy continues to be the principal limitation. The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-?B) transcription factor plays an important role in tumor escape and resistance to chemotherapy and this factor regulates several pathways that promote tumor survival including some antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. In this study, we investigated, in U937 human leukemia cells, the effects of PTX and the MG132 proteasome inhibitor, drugs that can disrupt the NF-?B pathway. For this, we evaluated viability, apoptosis, cell cycle, caspases-3, -8, -9, cytochrome c release, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, p65 phosphorylation, and the modification in the expression of pro- and antiapoptotic genes, and the Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL antiapoptotic proteins. Results: The two drugs affect the viability of the leukemia cells in a time-dependent manner. The greatest percentage of apoptosis was obtained with a combination of the drugs; likewise, PTX and MG132 induce G1 phase cell cycle arrest and cleavage of caspases -3,-8, -9 and cytochrome c release and mitochondrial membrane potential loss in U937 human leukemia cells. In these cells, PTX and the MG132 proteasome inhibitor decrease p65 (NF-?B subunit) phosphorylation and the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. We also observed, with a combination of these drugs overexpression of a group of the proapoptotic genes BAX, DIABLO, and FAS while the genes BCL-XL, MCL-1, survivin, I?B, and P65 were downregulated. Conclusions: The two drugs used induce apoptosis per se, this cytotoxicity was greater with combination of both drugs. These observations are related with the caspases -9, -3 cleavage and G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and a decrease in p65 phosphorylation and Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL proteins. As well as this combination of drugs promotes the upregulation of the proapoptotic genes and downregulation of antiapoptotic genes. These observations strongly confirm antileukemic potential. " 2013 Bravo-Cuellar et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.",,,,,,"10.1186/1423-0127-20-13",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/43518","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84874389242&partnerID=40&md5=b3a0bfc381d853b10db4de1d3d4e6efc",,,,,,"1",,"Journal of Biomedical Science",,,,"20",,"Scopus

WOS",,,,,,"Apoptosis-related genes; Bcl-2; Bcl-XL; Caspases; MG132; p65 phosphorylation; pentoxifylline; U937",,,,,,"Pentoxifylline and the proteasome inhibitor MG132 induce apoptosis in human leukemia U937 cells through a decrease in the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and phosphorylation of p65",,"Article" "45323","123456789/35008",,"Walter, A., Institut de Recherche Pour le Developpement (IRD), UR016, Control et Caracterisation des Populations de Vecteurs, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Lozano-Kasten, F., Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, AP 2-136, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Bosseno, M.-F., Institut de Recherche Pour le Developpement (IRD), UR 008 Pathogénie et Epidemiologie des Trypanosomatid´s, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Ruvalcaba, E.G.C., Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, AP 2-136, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Gutierrez, M.S., Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, AP 2-136, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Luna, C.E.M., Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, AP 2-136, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Baunaure, F., Institut de Recherche Pour le Developpement (IRD), UR 008 Pathogénie et Epidemiologie des Trypanosomatid´s, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Phelinas, P., Institut de Recherche Pour le Developpement (IRD), UR003, Travail et Mondialisation, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Magallán-Gastélum, E., Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Guadalajara, AP 2-136, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Breni-re, S.F., Institut de Recherche Pour le Developpement (IRD), UR 008 Pathogénie et Epidemiologie des Trypanosomatid´s, 911 Av. Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France",,"Walter, A.

Lozano-Kasten, F.

Bosseno, M.-F.

Ruvalcaba, E.G.C.

Gutierrez, M.S.

Luna, C.E.M.

Baunaure, F.

Phelinas, P.

Magallon-Gastelum, E.

Breniere, S.F.",,"2007",,"An examination of peridomestic area organization and triatomine collection in an endemic village for Chagas disease (Jalisco State) identified the habitat of Triatoma longipennis (dominant species) and the risk factors of peridomestic infestation. In 100 visited peridomestic areas, 369 structures (permanent, temporary, and natural) were submitted to active manual research of triatomines. Storage shelters had a higher infestation of T. longipennis than piles of brick and tile; baked clay material had higher degrees of infestation than others. The secondary species Triatoma barberi shares a wide range of peridomicilary habitats with T. longipennis. Peridomestic area infestation risks (evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis) are number of closed storage shelters, number of brick and tile piles, number of houses per peridomestic areas, and distance of peridomicile from natural environment. Because both species present great adaptability to different artificial habitats, strategies of control must involved improving the overall management of peridomestic areas to prevent stable colonization. Copyright " 2007 by The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.