Discussion Paper
Judicial attitudes under shifting jurisprudence : evidence from Brazil’s new drug law of 2006
Discussion Paper 256 : Judicial attitudes under shifting jurisprudence : evidence from Brazil’s new drug law of 2006;
Atitudes judiciais sob mudança de jurisprudência : evidências da nova lei de drogas do Brasil em 2006
Autor
Castro, Alexandre Samy de
Resumen
This paper exploits the diversity of panels at the court of appeals in the state of São
Paulo to address the role of career backgrounds and ideology in shaping the response of
judicial decisions to a major shift in jurisprudence on drug offenses. The Brazilian constitution
reserves 80% of the seats in appellate courts to career judges, 10% to lawyers
and 10% to prosecutors. In practice however, vacancies in panels coupled with backlogs
have significantly increased participation of judges sitting by designation in appellate
panels - who acted as rapporteurs in as much as 14% of all criminal appeals in Sao˜
Paulo, between 2009-2013. Former lawyers and prosecutors are appointed by the state
governor after nomination processes at the bar association and at the ministerial office.
Judges sitting by designation are chosen at the discretion of the court’s highest council
and do not retain prerogatives of tenured appellate judges and are typically hired with
the purpose of reducing backlogs. Their performance affects their chances of being
promoted to the court of appeals, relatively to similar judges that have not been designated.
Based on a large dataset of criminal appeals related to drug offenses in the State
São Paulo, Brazil, this study exploits the exogenous assignment of cases to rapporteurs,
to identify the causal effects of career backgrounds on the response of appellate judges
to a major shift in drug jurisprudence, which revoked the prohibition of conversion of
confinement punishment in drug offenses introduced by the new drug law of 2006.
Estimates of treatment-effects, conditional on case characteristics and panel-specific
fixed-effects, confirm that career judges respond favorably to defendants, in line with
the jurisprudence shift. Former prosecutors react against the shift, responding unfavorably
to defendants. Former lawyers tend to exhibit a mixed behavior, weighing in their
preferences as well as strategically favoring predominant “law and order” views. Finally
sitting judges behave in a diffident fashion but also favoring prosecution. 40 p. : il.