AUTORES: Anna Cristina Calçada Carvalho - FIOCRUZ - IOC. Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. OUTROS AUTORES: Karen du Preez 1,*, Betina Mendez Alcântara Gabardo 2,3, Sushil K. Kabra 4 , Rina Triasih 5, Trisasi Lestari 5,6 , Margaret Kal 7, Bazarragchaa Tsogt 8, Gantsetseg Dorj 9, Enkhtsetseg Purev 10, Thu Anh Nguyen 11 , Lenny Naidoo 12, Lindiwe Mvusi 13, Hendrik Simon Schaaf 1, Anneke C. Hesseling 1, Andrea Maciel de Oliveira Rossoni 2,3, Anna Cristina Calçada Carvalho 2,3,14 , Claudete Aparecida Araújo Cardoso 2,3 , Clemax Couto Sant’Anna 2,3, Danielle Gomes Dell’ Orti 2, Fernanda Dockhorn Costa 2, Liliana Romero Vega 2, Maria de Fátima Pombo Sant’Anna 2,3, Nguyen Binh Hoa 15, Phan Huu Phuc 16, Attannon Arnauld Fiogbe 17,18, Dissou Affolabi 18,19 , Gisèle Badoum 17,20,21, Abdoul Risgou Ouédraogo 17,20,21, Tandaogo Saouadogo 21, Adjima Combary 17,22, Albert Kuate Kuate 17,22, Bisso Ngono Annie Prudence 22, Aboubakar Sidiki Magassouba 17,23, Adama Marie Bangoura 23, Alphazazi Soumana 17,24, Georges Hermana 17,25, Hervé Gando 25, Nafissatou Fall 17,26, Barnabé Gning 26, Mohammed Fall Dogo 17,27, Olivia Mbitikon 17,25, Manon Deffense 17, Kevin Zimba 28, Chishala Chabala 29,30, Moorine Penninah Sekadde 31, Henry Luzze 31, Stavia Turyahabwe 31, John Paul Dongo 32, Constantino Lopes 33, Milena dos Santos 34, Joshua Reginald Francis 6 , Magnolia Arango-Loboguerrero 35, Carlos M. Perez-Velez 36, Kobto Ghislain Koura 17,37,38 and Stephen M. Graham 17,39. AFILIAÇÕES: 1 Desmond Tutu Tuberculosis Center, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; hss@sun.ac.za (H.S.S.); annekeh@sun.ac.za (A.C.H.) 2 Pediatric Tuberculosis Working Group, Ministry of Health, Brasilia 70304-008, Brazil; betinamalcantara@gmail.com (B.M.A.G.); dearossoni@gmail.com (A.M.d.O.R.); anna.carvalho@ioc.fiocruz.br (A.C.C.C.); claudetecardoso@id.uff.br (C.A.A.C.); clemax01@gmail.com (C.C.S.); danielle.dellorti@saude.gov.br (D.G.D.O.); fernanda.dockhorn@saude.gov.br (F.D.C.); iliana.romero@saude.gov.br (L.R.V.); fatimapombo09@gmail.com (M.d.F.P.S.) 3 Brazilian Network of Tuberculosis Research, REDE TB—Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas em Tuberculose, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil 4 Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; skkabra@hotmail.com 5 Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; rina_triasih@yahoo.com (R.T.); trisasilestari@gmail.com (T.L.) 6 Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0810, Australia; josh.francis@menzies.edu.au 7 National Department of Health, Port Moresby 131, Papua New Guinea; margaretkal1978@gmail.com 8 Mongolian Coalition Against Tuberculosis, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia; bazra.ts@outlook.com 9 Tuberculosis Surveillance and Research Department, National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia; dorjgantsetseg1127@gmail.com 10 Tuberculosis Clinic, National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar 210648, Mongolia; enhuush0425@gmail.com 11 Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam; thuanh.nguyen@sydney.edu.au 12 Health Department, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Gengiah.Naidoo@capetown.gov.za 13 National TB Control & Management Cluster, National Department of Health, Pretoria 0187, South Africa; lindiwe.mvusi@health.gov.za 14 Laboratory of Innovations in Therapies, Education and Bioproducts, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, Brazil 15 National Tuberculosis Program, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam; nguyenbinhhoatb@yahoo.com 16 National Pediatric Hospital, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam; phuc.h.phan@nhp.org.vn 17 International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 75001 Paris, France; arnauld.fiogbe.consultant@theunion.org (A.A.F.); gisele.badoum.consultant@theunion.org (G.B.); aouedraogo.consultant@theunion.org (A.R.O.); adjicomb@yahoo.fr (A.C.); albert.kuatekuate.consultant@theunion.org (A.K.K.); aboubacar.magassouba.consultant@theunion.org (A.S.M.); alphazazi.soumana.consultant@theunion.org (A.S.); georges.hermana.consultant@theunion.org (G.H.); nafissatou.fall.consultant@theunion.org (N.F.); fall.dogo.consultant@theunion.org (M.F.D.); olivia.mbtikon.consultant@theunion.org (O.M.); deffenseman@gmail.com (M.D.); kgkoura@theunion.org (K.G.K.); steve.graham@rch.org.au (S.M.G.); 18 National Tuberculosis Program, Cotonou 03 BP 2819, Benin; affolabi_dissou@yahoo.fr 19 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou 03 BP 2819, Benin 20 Health Sciences Unit, University Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7047, Burkina Faso 21 Ministry of Health National Tuberculosis Program, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7047, Burkina Faso; tandaogo@yahoo.fr 22 National Tuberculosis Program, Yaoundé BP 6000, Cameroon; anniebisso@pnlt.cm 23 National Tuberculosis Program, Conakry 63570, Guinea; adabangou@yahoo.fr 24 National Tuberculosis Program, Niamey 22 646, Niger 25 National Tuberculosis Program, Bangui BP 729, Central African Republic; gahe_gi@yahoo.fr 26 National Tuberculosis Program, Dakar 12000, Senegal; docteurbg2000@yahoo.fr 27 National Tuberculosis Program, Lomé BP 526, Togo 28 Lusaka Provincial Health Office, Ministry of Health, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; drkevinmzimba@gmail.com 29 Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; cchabala@gmail.com 30 Children’s Hospital, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka 10101, Zambia 31 National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Kampala 7025, Uganda; moorine.sekadde@gmail.com (M.P.S.); luzzehenry@gmail.com (H.L.); turyahabwestavia@gmail.com (S.T.) 32 The Union Uganda Office, Kampala 7025, Uganda; jpdongo@theunion.org/ 33 National Tuberculosis Program, Ministerio da Saude, Dili NM 87109, Timor-Leste; costa_tb@yahoo.com 34 Hospital Nacional Guido Valadares, Ministerio da Saude, Dili NM 87109, Timor-Leste; milenalaysantos@yahoo.com 35 Colombian Association of Pediatric Pulmonology, National University of Colombia, Bogota 500001, Colombia; MagnoliArango@hotmail.com 36 Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; cmperezvelez@gmail.com 37 COMUE Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France 38 École Nationale de Formation des Techniciens Supérieurs en Santé Publique et en Surveillance Epidémiologique, Université de Parakou, Parakou 03 BP 351, Benin 39 Department of Pediatrics,Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, University ofMelbourne Royal Children’sHospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia * Correspondence: karen_dupreez@sun.ac.za; Tel.: +27-21-938-9174]Over the past 15 years, and despite many difficulties, significant progress has been made to advance child and adolescent tuberculosis (TB) care. Despite increasing availability of safe and effective treatment and prevention options, TB remains a global health priority as a major cause of child and adolescent morbidity and mortality—over one and a half million children and adolescents develop TB each year. A history of the global public health perspective on child and adolescent TB is followed by 12 narratives detailing challenges and progress in 19 TB endemic low and middle-income countries. Overarching challenges include: under-detection and underreporting of child and adolescent TB; poor implementation and reporting of contact investigation and TB preventive treatment services; the need for health systems strengthening to deliver effective, decentralized services; and lack of integration between TB programs and child health services. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on case detection and treatment outcomes. Child and adolescent TB working groups can address country-specific challenges to close the policy–practice gaps by developing and supporting decentral ized models of care, strengthening clinical and laboratory diagnosis, including of multidrug-resistant TB, providing recommended options for treatment of disease and infection, and forging strong collaborations across relevant health sectors.