Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, and first described by Carlos Chagas in 1909, is endemic to Latin America. As a results of multinational control initiatives launched in the 1990s, the disease prevalence has been reduced. This campaign was focused on the interruption of T. cruzi vectorial transmission by eliminating domiciled triatomines. In 2006, Brazil was declared to be free from T. cruzi transmission by Triatoma infestans (1). T. cruzi is a heterogeneous taxon with multiple mammal hosts and vectors, besides alternative routes of infection and infective forms. In the Brazilian Amazon region, where domiciled triatomines have not been reported, human cases of Chagas disease have been increasing (2). This increase has been attributed to uncontrolled migration and deforestation (2). Additionally, recent outbreaks of Chagas disease attributed to oral transmission in previously non disease-endemic areas out of the Amazon region (3) indicate that a new epidemiologic profi le is emerging in Brazil.