The authors would like to thank all of the participants in the 2007 UCLA Social Justice, Human Rights, and HIV Prevention Think Tank meeting in Sydney, Australia, especially Helen Rees and Judy Auerbach for serving as discussants and for their thoughtful comments on an early draft of this manuscript. This work was generously supported by the Ford Foundation. Dr Remien was also supported by the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies (P30-MH43520) at the New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University. Dr Kagee was supported by the Columbia University-Southern African Fogarty AIDS International Training and Research Program (D43-TW00231). Finally, we would like to acknowledge the insights from many colleagues and PLWHA from around the world.Since the start of the HIV epidemic we have witnessed significant advances in our understanding of the impact of HIV disease worldwide. Furthermore, breakthroughs in treatment and the rapid expansion of HIV care and treatment programmes in heavily impacted countries over the past 5 years are potentially critical assets in a comprehensive approach to controlling the continued spread of HIV globally. A strategic approach to controlling the epidemic requires continued and comparable expansion and integration of care, treatment and prevention programmes. As every new infection involves transmission, whether vertically or horizontally, from a person living with HIV/ AIDS (PLWHA), the integration of HIV prevention into HIV care settings has the potential to prevent thousands of new infections, as well as to improve the lives of PLWHA. In this paper, we highlight how to better utilize opportunities created by the antiretroviral roll-out to achieve more effective prevention, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. We offer specific recommendations for action in the domains of healthcare policy and practice in order better to utilize the advances in HIV treatment to advance HIV prevention.