In the last three decades, several studies have suggested that the structure of stream macroalgal communities is shaped by local environmental variables, but some recent papers have shown that the relevance of the environment on these communities may be overestimated. Using Partial Redundancy Analysis (pRDA), we analyzed macroalgal communities (considering all macroalgae and Phyla Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria, and Rhodophyta individually) from 105 streams in southern Brazil to test the hypothesis that the relative contributions of the environment and space on the taxonomic composition of these communities is mainly determined by the biological traits and dispersal mechanisms typical for each group. The pRDA showed that the taxonomic composition of the entire community and green algae were explained by both space and environment, whereas for cyanobacteria, only the environment was significant, and for red algae, only space was significant. These divergences in the relative contribution among algal phyla were consistent with our initial hypothesis and can be ascribed to the differences in the ecological features of each group. Our results also support the idea that the community structure of organisms with low dispersal is influenced more significantly by spatial processes, whereas for organisms with high dispersal the local environmental variables are more influential.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Ciencias Biol, BR-19806900 Assis, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Integracao Amer Latina UNILA, BR-85867970 Foz Do Iguacu, PR, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Zool & Bot, BR-054000 Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Ciencias Biol, BR-19806900 Assis, SP, BrazilUniv Estadual Paulista UNESP, Dept Zool & Bot, BR-054000 Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, SP, BrazilFAPESP: 07/52608-1CNPq: 141754/2007-92010/17563-02012/201196-8302354/2008-5301400/2009-1307577/2011-2