Nutrient allocation closely correlates plant functional traits and development to ecosystem supply services. Desert shrubs maintain the stability of desert ecosystems, whereas the knowledge of how they coordinate nutrients among organs is still limited when responding to differing nitrogen (N) and water regimes. Here we investigated the allocation, composition, and variability of nine elements within organs of Alhagi sparsifolia and Calligonum caput-medusae seedlings under various N addition (0, 3, 6, and 9 gN m−2 year−1) and water regimes (drought versus well-watered). Results showed that plant species identity, organ type, and nitrogen and water treatments significantly affected the concentrations of nine elements independently and interactively (P < 0.05). N addition significantly improved elemental allocation to roots of drought-stressed A. sparsifolia seedlings, whereas N addition of 9.0 gN m−2 year−1 exerted adverse influence on C. caput-medusae. Photosynthetic organs contained more macronutrients, such as N and potassium (K), whereas trace metals accumulated in roots, such as iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn). Soil elemental concentrations were weakly correlated with those in plants. Macroelements in all organs show less variability (coefficient of variation). Coarse root Fe and stem K contents constituted hub traits in plant element networks (PENs) of A. sparsifolia and C. caput-medusae seedlings, respectively, and may play a key role in plant adaptation in desert environments. The looser PEN of A. sparsifolia implied its stronger adaptability than C. caput-medusae. Desert shrubs can coordinate the allocation of multiple elements within and among organs in response to changes in water and N in the environment.Fil: Zhang, Zhihao. Cele National Station Of Observation And Research For Desert-grassland Ecosystems; China. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Chai, Xutian. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China. Cele National Station Of Observation And Research For Desert-grassland Ecosystems; ChinaFil: Tariq, Akash. Cele National Station Of Observation And Research For Desert-grassland Ecosystems; China. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Zeng, Fanjiang. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China. Cele National Station Of Observation And Research For Desert-grassland Ecosystems; ChinaFil: Graciano, Corina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Li, Xiangyi. Cele National Station Of Observation And Research For Desert-grassland Ecosystems; China. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Gao, Yanju. Cele National Station Of Observation And Research For Desert-grassland Ecosystems; China. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de ChinaFil: Ullah, Abd. Cele National Station Of Observation And Research For Desert-grassland Ecosystems; China. Chinese Academy of Sciences; República de China