Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina.Fil: Garibaldi, Lucas Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina.Fil: Dondo, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Centro interdisciplinario de Estudios sobre Territorio, Economía y Sociedad; Argentina.Fil: Dondo, Mariana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina.Fil: Hipólito, Juliana. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina.Fil: Hipólito, Juliana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural; Argentina.Fil: Hipólito, Juliana. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Campus de Ondina. Departamento de Zoologia. Instituto de Biologia; Brasil.Fil: Azzu, Nadine. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; Italia.Fil: Felipe Viana, Blandina. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Campus de Ondina. Departamento de Zoologia. Instituto de Biologia; Brasil.Fil: Kasina, Muo. Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization; Kenia.In agro-ecosystems, pollinators are essential for orchard, oilseed crops, horticultural and forage production, as well as the production of seed for many root and fibre crops. Pollinators such as bees, birds and bats affect 35 percent of the world’s crop production, increasing the outputs of 87 of the leading food crops worldwide, plus many plant-derived medicines for the world’s pharmacies. Pollinators contribute significantly to human health; pollinator dependent crops supply major proportions of micronutrients. In terms of ecosystem health, approximately 90 percent of wild plants rely on pollinators that support wider biodiversity. In the past, pollination has been provided by nature at no explicit cost to human communities. As farm fields have become larger, and the use of agricultural chemicals has increased, mounting evidence points to a potentially serious decline in populations of pollinators under agricultural development. The domesticated honey bee Apis mellifera (and its several Asian relatives) have been utilized to provide managed pollination systems, but for many crops, honey bees are either not effective or are suboptimal pollinators. Managed honey-bee populations are also facing increasing threats from pests, disease and reluctance among younger generations to learn the skills of beekeeping. The process of securing effective pollinators to ‘service’ agricultural fields is proving difficult to engineer, and there is a renewed interest in appreciating the value of wild pollination services and in helping nature provide pollination services through practices that support pollinators. Considering the urgent need to address the issue of the worldwide decline in pollinator diversity, in 2000 the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) established an International Initiative for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Pollinators (also known as the International Pollinators Initiative - IPI). One of the objectives of the IPI Plan of Action is to “Assess the economic value of pollination and the economic impact of the decline of pollination services”. Within the context of its lead role in the implementation of the International Pollinator Initiative, FAO established a Global Action on Pollination Services for Sustainable Agriculture. FAO also developed a global project, supported by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) through the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) entitled ‘Conservation and management of pollinators for sustainable agriculture, through an ecosystem approach’. Within the context of this project, a tool for valuation of pollination services at a national level was developed for assessing, at national level, the value of pollination services and national vulnerabilities to pollinator declines. At the field level, a handbook for participatory socio- economic evaluation of pollinator-friendly practices was also prepared and used as a guide to help farmers evaluate the benefits and costs of applying pollinator-friendly practices. It is hoped that this protocol will provide users with guidance for determining the socio-economic value of pollinator-friendly versus unfriendly practices that can be implemented at different spatial levels (e.g. farms or landscapes).