"The interest in a study of the dynamics of coupled semiconductor lasers results from their unique features, such as high gain, low facet reflectivity and very high sensitivity to optical injection. The diversity of temporal and optical spectral regimes is beneficial for the application of these lasers in optical communications that use the laser output as a chaotic carrier. In this thesis, we study the dynamics and synchronization of chaotic semiconductor lasers coupled in two different configurations. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the experimental study of the dynamical behavior and synchronization of two identical (or almost identical) mutually delaycoupled semiconductor lasers, with respect to two control parameters, namely, the laser bias current and the coupling strength. Our motivation to conduct this study is the availability of a new generation of instruments, such as high-resolution optical analyzers and high-speed real-time digital oscilloscopes that enable the characterization of the dynamical properties of delay-coupled semiconductor lasers with unprecedented precision. The time series, frequency (rf) and optical spectra analyses allowed us to reveal the transition from stable continuous-wave (CW) emission of the uncoupled lasers to the regime of low frequency fluctuations (LFF) when the coupling strength is increased. In the second part, we consider a ring of three unidirectionally coupled semiconductor lasers that is an elementary cell of a complex laser network. This research allows us to know what route to chaos the ring of lasers will exhibit while the coupling strength is increasing, and how the lasers will be synchronized on this route. While uncoupled, the lasers stay within a CW regime, but when the coupling strength reaches a certain threshold value, they begin to oscillate. As the coupling further increases, the dynamics exhibit a route to chaos via a sequence of Hopf bifurcations that result in periodic, quasiperiodic and chaotic oscillations. In the chaotic range, different synchronization states, ranging from asynchronous behavior to phase and near synchronization, are observed. The analytical solution yields a large number of fixed points."