Factors related to the low use of fertilizers and the resulting low agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan Africa are reviewed. The importance of inorganic fertilizers and agricultural research to improving soil fertility and increasing agricultural productivity are outlined. Particular attention is devoted to the following factors that influence farmers' adoption and intensity of fertilizer use: the economics of fertilizer use, the availability of fertilizer, price policies and credit, pricing environment and distribution costs, the privatization of supply, and infrastructural development.v, 19 pages