Tese
A penalidade da maternidade no mercado de trabalho brasileiro: uma análise dos efeitos de idade, período e coorte e dos diferenciais socioeconômicos entre mulheres com e sem filhos
Fecha
2022-03-25Autor
Iracy Silva Pimenta
Institución
Resumen
The objective of this thesis is to analyze, in a comparative perspective, women with
and without children in the Brazilian labor market. Specifically, the work aims to i)
investigate age, period and cohort effects on hourly wages and labor participation rate
of mothers and non-mothers; ii) decompose the average hourly wages gap of both
groups, in order to separate the portion explained by productive characteristics from
that not explained by attributes; iii) carry out this same decomposition exercise for
quantiles of wages distribution. The database used throughout the work was the
National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). In order to fulfill the first objective, AgePeriod-Cohort (APC) models were estimated for women aged between 25 and 48
years old, using data from 1992 to 2015. For the other two objectives, it was applied
Oaxaca-Blinder and Firpo, Fortin and Lemieux (2009, 2018) models for the
decomposition of the wage gap between mothers and non-mothers aged between 25
and 34 years old and between 35 and 44 years old in 2015. Regarding the first
objective, the descriptive analysis of age, period and cohort patterns revealed the
existence of a motherhood penalty throughout the analyzed age range. However,
differences between mothers and non-mothers were attenuated at more advanced
ages, due to an improvement in the indicators of mothers, and due to a selectivity effect
caused by the migration of women without children to the group with children, in such
way that the former group becomes smaller and with specific characteristics. The
results of the APC models showed greater importance of age and period effects on
hourly wages and labor participation rate of women with and without children, although
other combinations of the three dimensions have been found to be relevant, such as
age and cohort for labor participation rate, and period and cohort for hourly wages.
Regarding the decomposition models for the average wages and quantiles, the results
indicated that the attributes of mothers and non-mothers explain most of the income
differential between the two groups. Differentials in schooling, weekly hours devoted
to household chores and position in occupation constituted the main contributions of
the characteristics, while age and the presence of a spouse in household exerted a
mitigating effect. For the quantile decompositions, it was observed a greater
motherhood penalty at the top of the distribution, which is justified by the higher
opportunity cost for high-income women, and the wage rigidity in the lower portion of
distribution caused by the minimum wage. In relation to the age perspective, there was a slight reduction in the wage gap between mothers and non-mothers in the oldest age
group compared to the youngest. Based on the results, it is concluded that additional
studies on childlessness phenomenon in Brazil are necessary in order to better
understand the profile of childless women. In addition, it is highlighted the need to
share care tasks, so mothers can invest in human capital acquisition, with the
participation of public sector, applying policies such as the greater provision of day
care services.