dc.contributor | Díaz Moreno, Amanda Consuelo | |
dc.creator | Ochoa Castro, Armando Daniel | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-05-31T19:24:54Z | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-06-06T23:42:02Z | |
dc.date.available | 2023-05-31T19:24:54Z | |
dc.date.available | 2023-06-06T23:42:02Z | |
dc.date.created | 2023-05-31T19:24:54Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2023-05-29 | |
dc.identifier | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83932 | |
dc.identifier | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
dc.identifier | Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
dc.identifier | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/6651462 | |
dc.description.abstract | La miel sufre un proceso de cristalización natural al ser una solución sobresaturada en glucosa. La velocidad de este proceso depende esencialmente de su composición química, aunque los procesos tecnológicos (tratamientos físicos y térmicos) también son importantes. La miel proveniente de plantaciones forestales de Acacia mangium en Vichada es un producto que tiende a formar rápidamente cristales de dimensiones visibles, lo que afecta su comercialización. La cristalización inducida o granulación es una alternativa para controlar la tasa de crecimiento (tamaño y forma cristalina) y de nucleación (número de cristales). En ella se adiciona a la miel una sustancia semilla o inoculante (azúcares o miel) con cristales de menores dimensiones y se hace agitación con el fin de conferirle características físicas y texturales deseables. El objetivo fue evaluar el proceso de cristalización inducida en este tipo de miel. Inicialmente se analizó la correlación entre variables de respuesta actividad de agua, turbidez (absorbancia a 660 nm), color (L*, a*, b*, matiz, croma) y textura (firmeza y cohesividad). Posteriormente se optimizó el proceso de granulación para poder lograr un producto con una similitud en las variables medidas respecto a la miel empleada como "testigo comercial" utilizando un diseño Box-Behnken, con parámetros el tiempo (1, 5 y 10 min) y velocidad de agitación (250, 500 y 750 rpm) y porcentaje de semilla inoculada (0, 5 y 10%). Además, se determinaron las diferencias respecto a la miel sin agitación y sin inoculación (testigo control o cristalización natural no dirigida) y a la miel usada como semilla (testigo comercial y con las propiedades organolépticas deseadas). La actividad de agua de todas las muestras aumenta con el tiempo con valores entre 0,573±0,011 y 0,613±0,009, estabilizando su valor desde el día 15 de almacenamiento. Se observaron variaciones importantes en los valores de los componentes cromáticos a* y b* entre los tratamientos con una proporción elevada de inoculante en comparación con las muestras que tenían una cantidad menor de miel semilla añadida. De la misma forma, la turbidez de los tratamientos (pasados 15 días de almacenamiento a temperatura controlada de 14±1ºC) fue en promedio 2,72±0,028 unidades de absorbancia a 660 nm, tendiendo a tener valores similares a los de la miel con cristalización natural. La firmeza y la cohesividad de las muestras sin adición de miel semilla tenían un valor de hasta dos órdenes de magnitud inferiores en comparación al resto de tratamientos. Por otro lado, se encontró una correlación significativa entre variables como la absorbancia con la firmeza (r2=0,75***) o la cohesividad (r2=0,74***), mostrando cómo el cambio en las propiedades texturales está relacionado con la formación de cristales medida por la turbidez. Además, el factor semilla es mucho más significativo que la velocidad o el tiempo de agitación, con lo cual implica que en la granulación en esta miel es más importante la velocidad de nucleación que la de crecimiento. Con el PCA se establecieron tres componentes: el primero está más fuertemente influenciado por las variables texturales y la actividad de agua, y explica el 43,9% de la varianza observada; el segundo componente está más definido por las coordenadas de color (24,6%). Al realizar la optimización se encontró que el procedimiento óptimo estaba definido por tiempo de 2,5 min, velocidad de 850 rpm y porcentaje de semilla del 7%. Una vez definido el tratamiento óptimo se procedió a evaluar la variación de propiedades texturales, colorimétricas, micromorfológicas, calorimétricas y reológicas durante el tiempo de almacenamiento a 14±1ºC y en oscuridad. En este caso, la actividad de agua (de 0,546±0,001 en el día inicial a 0,557± 0,002 en el 18), la turbidez (absorbancia de 3,27±0,01 en el día 18), el diámetro ponderado medio, la firmeza (30.967,0±2400,0 g en el día 15) y la cohesividad (86.411,0±9465,0 g s en el día 15) aumentaron con el tiempo. Las coordenadas CIELab y los índices de color no presentaron diferencias significativas excepto el ángulo de matiz que aumentó. La entalpía de la miel aumentó a 550 kW/g en el último día de evaluación con temperaturas de fusión entre 40 y 60°C. La reología siguió los comportamientos esperados para el módulo de pérdida (G”) y almacenamiento (G’). Con todo lo anterior, se observó que en miel de Acacia mangium la cristalización está controlada por el crecimiento, de tal manera que aumentando la cantidad de núcleos mejora las propiedades sensoriales. (Texto tomado de la fuente). | |
dc.description.abstract | Honey experiments a natural crystallization process as it is a supersaturated glucose solution. The speed of this process essentially depends on its chemical composition, although the technological processes (physical and thermal treatments) are also important. Honey from Acacia mangium forest plantations in Vichada is a product that tends to quickly form crystals of visible dimensions, which affects its commercialization. Induced crystallization or granulation is an alternative to control the rate of growth (size and crystalline shape) and nucleation (number of crystals). In the commercial way, a seed or inoculant substance (sugars or honey) with smaller crystals is added to the honey and agitation is done in order to confer desirable physical and textural characteristics. The objective was to evaluate the crystallization process induced in this type of honey. Initially, the correlation between response variables water activity, turbidity (absorbance at 660 nm), color (L*, a*, b*, hue, chroma) and texture (firmness and cohesiveness) was analyzed. Subsequently, the granulation process was optimized in order to achieve a product with similar measured variables with respect to the honey used as "commercial control" using a Box-Behnken design, with parameters of time (1, 5 and 10 min) and the shaking speed (250, 500 and 750 rpm) and percentage of inoculated seed (0, 5 and 10%). In addition, the differences were determined with respect to honey without agitation and without inoculation (control control or undirected natural crystallization) and honey used as seed (commercial control and with the desired organoleptic properties). The water activity of all the samples increases with time with values between 0.573±0.011 and 0.613±0.009, stabilizing its value from day 15 of storage. Significant variations in the values of the chromatic components a* and b* were observed between the treatments with a high proportion of inoculant compared to the samples that had a lower amount of honey added. In the same way, the turbidity of the treatments (after 15 days of storage at a controlled temperature of 14±1ºC) was on average 2.72±0.028 absorbance units at 660 nm, tending to have values similar to those of honey with natural crystallization. The firmness and cohesiveness of the samples without the addition of seed molasses had a value of up to two orders of magnitude lower compared to the rest of the treatments. On the other hand, a significant correlation was found between variables such as absorbance with firmness (r2=0.75***) or cohesiveness (r2=0.74***), showing how the change in textural properties is related to crystal formation as measured by turbidity. In addition, the seed factor is much more significant than the speed or the agitation time, which implies that in the granulation in this honey the speed of nucleation is more important than that of growth. With the PCA, three components were established: the first is more strongly influenced by textural variables and water activity, and explains 43.9% of the observed variance; the second component is more defined by color coordinates (24.6%). When performing the optimization, it was found that the optimal procedure was defined by a time of 2.5 min, a speed of 850 rpm and a seed percentage of 7%. Once the optimal treatment was defined, we proceeded to evaluate the variation of textural, colorimetric, micromorphological, calorimetric and rheological properties during the storage time at 14±1ºC and in the dark. In this case, the water activity (from 0.546±0.001 on the initial day to 0.557±0.002 on the 18th), the turbidity (absorbance of 3.27±0.01 on the 18th day), the mean weighted diameter, the firmness (30,967.0±2400.0 g on day 15) and cohesiveness (86,411.0±9465.0 g s on day 15) increased over time. The CIELab coordinates and the color indices did not present significant differences except for the hue angle that increased. The enthalpy of honey increased to 550 kW/g on the last day of evaluation with melting temperatures between 40 and 60°C. The rheology followed the expected behaviors for the modulus of loss (G") and storage (G'). With all of the above, it was observed that crystallization in Acacia mangium honey is controlled by growth, in such a way that increasing the number of nuclei improves sensory properties. | |
dc.language | spa | |
dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
dc.publisher | Bogotá - Ciencias Agrarias - Maestría en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos | |
dc.publisher | Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias | |
dc.publisher | Bogotá, Colombia | |
dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá | |
dc.relation | Agrosavia | |
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dc.rights | Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional | |
dc.rights | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ | |
dc.rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | |
dc.title | Evaluación del proceso de cristalización inducida en miel de plantaciones forestales de Acacia mangium | |
dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Maestría | |