dc.contributor | Hincapié Triviño, Gina Marcela | |
dc.contributor | Estado Sólido y Catálisis Ambiental (ESCA) | |
dc.creator | Rubio Rueda, Julieta Andrea | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-05-31T15:40:10Z | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2023-06-06T23:02:21Z | |
dc.date.available | 2023-05-31T15:40:10Z | |
dc.date.available | 2023-06-06T23:02:21Z | |
dc.date.created | 2023-05-31T15:40:10Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2022-10-28 | |
dc.identifier | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/83928 | |
dc.identifier | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
dc.identifier | Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
dc.identifier | https://repositorio.unal.edu.co/ | |
dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/6651052 | |
dc.description.abstract | El etanol es un alcohol primario obtenido tanto por vía petroquímica como a partir de
biomasa. Entre los derivados más importantes que se obtienen del etanol se encuentra el
n-butanol, que se utiliza principalmente como disolvente y como molécula plataforma.
Actualmente, la producción de n-butanol se lleva a cabo principalmente por dos métodos,
el proceso ABE (fermentación Aceto-Butílica-Etílica) y el proceso OXO (hidroformilación),
sin embargo, ambos procesos tienen inconvenientes, por ejemplo, el proceso ABE
presenta bajo rendimiento, dificultad en la separación de los productos y alta toxicidad de
los solventes, y por su parte el proceso OXO presenta una alta toxicidad de los reactivos,
un alto costo de los catalizadores y una baja rentabilidad.
Debido a lo anterior, ha surgido la reacción de Guerbet como alternativa, la cual consiste
en la conversión de etanol a n-butanol a través de reacciones de condensación y
deshidratación en presencia de un catalizador, empleando condiciones de presión y
temperatura apropiadas. En el proceso de Guerbet se han utilizado catalizadores
homogéneos y heterogéneos. Entre los catalizadores heterogéneos potenciales para esta
reacción se encuentran los óxidos mixtos de Mg/Al derivados de hidrotalcitas que han
demostrado ser prometedores debido a sus propiedades ácido/base, facilidad de síntesis,
alta actividad y bajo costo.
De acuerdo con lo anterior, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar el efecto de
la presencia de distintos tipos de sitios activos en los óxidos mixtos derivados de
hidrotalcitas de Mg/Al, usados como catalizadores en la transformación de etanol a nbutanol mediante la reacción de Guerbet. Se consideraron variables como: la composición
de las hidrotalcitas, la presencia de sitios básicos de diferente naturaleza, la presencia de
sitios de hidrogenación y deshidrogenación, la temperatura, el uso de cobre estructural en
el catalizador y su efecto sobre la selectividad hacia el n-butanol.
Los catalizadores objeto de este estudio fueron óxidos mixtos derivados de hidrotalcitas de
Mg/Al con relaciones molares 1/1, 3/1 y 5/1, sintetizados por el método de coprecipitación
y posterior calcinación a 500°C. De igual forma, se evaluó la influencia de sustituir una
porción de los cationes Mg2+ por cationes Cu2+ en la estructura de la hidrotalcita sobre la
selectividad hacia butanol.
Los materiales de partida, así como los óxidos mixtos fueron caracterizados por diferentes
técnicas entre las cuales se incluye difracción de rayos X encontrándose los picos
característicos de las hidrotalcitas en los precursores y en los óxidos mixtos los picos
característicos de un perfil asociado a periclasa (MgO).
Por otra parte, se realizó un análisis de textura y porosidad encontrándose que estos
sólidos, según la clasificación IUPAC son de tipo IV, característicos de sólidos
mesoporosos con áreas superficiales específicas entre 216 y 294 [m2/g].
La actividad catalítica se evaluó usando un reactor tipo batch Parr® de 50 mL usando una
carga de 3% en masa de catalizador versus la cantidad de etanol empleada. Se purgó con
N2 y la reacción se llevó a cabo a presión autógena. Se evaluaron temperaturas de 250,
300 y 350°C bajo agitación a 300 rpm durante 6 horas. Los reactivos y productos se
identificaron y cuantificaron por cromatografía de gases.
Bajo las condiciones experimentales estudiadas, el catalizador de Mg/Al que presentó un
mejor comportamiento catalítico en términos de conversión (79.9%) y selectividad (8.8%)
hacia n-butanol a una temperatura de 300°C, es aquel con una relación molar de 3/1; esto
se explica por la proporción de pares ácido-base presentes en este sólido que fueron cuantificados mediante desorción a temperatura programada, alcanzando un valor de 51.0
µmol/g.
Al emplear cobre estructural en este material y evaluarlo en la reacción a las distintas
temperaturas, se observó que a 250°C presentó una conversión comparable (80.9%) y una
mayor selectividad hacia n-butanol (16.5%) versus el catalizador de Mg/Al con relación 3/1.
La presencia de cobre en el material aporta una cantidad de sitios básicos de fuerza media
de 43.2 µmol/g y al ser un metal de transición aporta densidad electrónica promoviendo el
fenómeno de retrodonación y como consecuencia facilitando el proceso de
hidrogenación/deshidrogenación.
Los resultados conseguidos en esta investigación son promisorios ya que igualan los
porcentajes de conversión y en algunos casos de selectividad, a aquellos obtenidos en
diversas investigaciones disponibles en la literatura científica, en las cuales se utilizan
catalizadores de paladio e indio que resultan costosos. De igual manera, y como aporte
principal de la presente investigación, se brinda una posible explicación asociada con el
aumento en la selectividad hacia el producto de interés que genera la presencia de cobre
en los óxidos mixtos derivados de hidrotalcitas; dado que, si bien este catión ha sido
utilizado anteriormente para esta reacción, no hemos evidenciado en la literatura las
razones químicas que expliquen este comportamiento. El entendimiento del catalizador es
importante para mejorar el diseño y la actividad de estos materiales. (Texto tomado de la fuente) | |
dc.description.abstract | Ethanol is a primary alcohol obtained both petrochemically and from biomass. Among the most important derivatives obtained from ethanol is n-butanol, which is used mainly as a solvent and as a platform molecule. Currently, the production of n-butanol is carried out mainly by two methods, the ABE process (Aceto-Butyl-Ethyl fermentation) and the OXO (hydroformylation) process, however, both processes have drawbacks, for example, the ABE process It presents low yield, difficulty in separating the products and high toxicity of the solvents, and for its part the OXO process presents a high toxicity of the reagents, a high cost of the catalysts and a low profitability. Due to the above, the Guerbet reaction has emerged as an alternative, which consists of the conversion of ethanol to n-butanol through condensation and dehydration reactions in the presence of a catalyst, using appropriate pressure and temperature conditions. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have been used in the Guerbet process. Potential heterogeneous catalysts for this reaction include mixed Mg/Al oxides derived from hydrotalcites that have shown promise due to their acid/base properties, ease of synthesis, high activity, and low cost. In accordance with the above, the objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of the presence of different types of active sites in the mixed oxides derived from Mg/Al hydrotalcites, used as catalysts in the transformation of ethanol to n-butanol by means of Guerbet's reaction. Variables such as: the composition of the hydrotalcites, the presence of basic sites of different nature, the presence of hydrogenation and dehydrogenation sites, temperature, the use of structural copper in the catalyst and its effect on selectivity towards n-butanol, were considered. The catalysts object of this study were mixed oxides derived from Mg/Al hydrotalcites with molar ratios 1/1, 3/1 and 5/1, synthesized by the coprecipitation method and subsequent calcination at 500°C. Similarly, the effect on the selectivity towards butanol of replacing a portion of the Mg2+ cations by Cu2+ cations in the hydrotalcite structure was evaluated. The starting materials as well as the mixed oxides were characterized by different techniques, including X-ray diffraction, finding the characteristic peaks of hydrotalcites in the precursors and in the mixed oxides, the characteristic peaks of a profile associated with periclase (MgO). On the other hand, a texture and porosity analysis were carried out, finding that these solids, according to the IUPAC classification, are type IV, characteristic of mesoporous solids with specific surface areas between 216 and 294 [m2 /g]. Catalytic activity was evaluated using a 50 mL Parr® batch reactor using a 3 % catalyst charge versus the amount of ethanol. Reactor was purged with N2 and the reaction was carried out under autogenous pressure. Temperatures of 250, 300 and 350°C were evaluated under stirring at 300 rpm for 6 hours. The reagents and products were identified and quantified by gas chromatography. Under the experimental conditions studied, Mg/Al 3/1 catalyst presented the best catalytic behavior in terms of conversion (79.9%) and selectivity (8.8%) towards n-butanol at a temperature of 300° C. This is explained by the proportion of acid-base pairs in this solid that were quantified by temperature programmed desorption experiments, reaching a value of 51 µmol/g. When copper is included in the structure of this material, it was observed that at 250°C it presented a comparable conversion (80.9%) and a higher selectivity towards n-butanol (16.5%) versus the Mg/ Al with ratio 3/1. The presence of copper provides 43.2 µmol/g of basic sites of medium strength and being a transition metal, provides electron density promoting backbonding, and therefore facilitates hydrogenation/ dehydrogenation processes. The results obtained in this investigation are promising since they are comparable to the conversion and in some cases the selectivity of different studies, in which expensive palladium and indium catalysts are used. In this sense, and as the main contribution of this investigation, a feasible explanation associated with the increase in selectivity towards nbutanol generated by the presence of copper in mixed oxides. Despite this cation has been previously used in for this reaction, to our knowledge, in the literature there is not a chemical explanation related to this behaviour. Understanding the catalyst is important to improve the design and activity of these materials. | |
dc.language | spa | |
dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia | |
dc.publisher | Bogotá - Ciencias - Maestría en Ciencias - Química | |
dc.publisher | Facultad de Ciencias | |
dc.publisher | Bogotá, Colombia | |
dc.publisher | Universidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá | |
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dc.rights | Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional | |
dc.rights | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ | |
dc.rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | |
dc.title | Óxidos mixtos derivados de hidrotalcitas como catalizadores para la obtención de n-butanol a partir de etanol | |
dc.type | Trabajo de grado - Maestría | |