Desmistificando os números quânticos: estrutura matemática dos modelos físicos do átomo de hidrogênio

Abstract

Quantum mechanics emerged in the mid-twentieth century as a revolutionary tool for the development of modern science. Structured under the quantization of the behavior of matter, quantum mechanics defines quantum numbers capable of describing these characteristics and, also, all consequent behavior. The approach of quantum numbers during academic training often turns out to be superficial and insuficient for understanding how quantum numbers are needed and how they emerge, often generating the idea that they "emerge from nowhere."This work proposes to demystify these concepts, presenting the progressive understanding about the structure of matter and demonstrating how the quantum numbers emerge spontaneously from the mathematical structure of the physical models that surround the hydrogen atom.