El problema de marco y el debate sobre racionalidad humana en psicología cognitiva: racionalidad estándar vs. racionalidad ecológica

Abstract

El problema de marco es uno de los principales problemas de las Ciencias Cognitivas. Se ha propuesto que una de las posibles soluciones a tal problema es el uso de heurísticas. El problema es que hay dos programas de investigación sobre heurísticas: el programa de Heurísticas y Sesgos y el de Heurísticas Rápidas y Frugales. Estos programas se han enfrentado en un gran debate acerca de la racionalidad humana postulando distintas concepciones de racionalidad. Así nuestro objetivo será indagar cómo se relaciona el problema de marco con tal debate sobre racionalidad. Argumentaremos que el fenómeno fundamental del problema de marco está mejor articulado a una concepción optimista de la racionalidad humana y sería más cercano a la concepción de racionalidad ecológica propuesta por el programa de Heurísticas Rápidas y Frugales.

The frame problem (Mc Carthy & Hayes, 1969) arose within the field of Artificial Intelligence research, more precisely within the calculation of situations, as the problem about how to represent, in the most succinct way possible, the fact that in a particular situation most properties of objects remain the same or are not disturbed by the performance of a particular action. Despite its logical origin, it did not take long for this problem to be addressed by several philosophers becoming the subject of major discussions that still surround the frame problem. One of the key difficulties that this problem tries to solve is the so-called difficulty of the vastness of the information: it would seem impossible to analyze each of the pieces of information from a vast set of information and evaluate, in each case, if it is or not relevant to carry out the task in question. Of course, exploring a vast amount of information with very limited cognitive and temporal resources is one of the main computational limitations that the frame problem must overcome. Currently, the resolution of the frame problem has awakened a renewed interest in recent years, and its resolution has been taken up again.