Design and characterization of pH-sensitive spirorhodamine 6G probes with aliphatic substituents

Abstract

We report synthesis and photophysical studies of spirorhodamines (SRA) with amide N-aliphatic substituents, including measurements of single-crystal X-ray structures, fluorescence emission, and quantum mechanical calculations. Variations in the equilibrium position between closed and open states, a transition that is catalysed under acidic conditions, of several SRAs sharing the same central chromophore (Rhodamine 6G) were measured. For the different substituents in the lactam position, the pH-dependent lactam ring opening reaction displays a strong correlation with the volume of the functional group. The open form shows similar absorption and emission spectrum, fluorescence efficiency and emission lifetime, regardless of the nature of the substituents. The molecular volume of the substituent is a simple and straightforward molecular design feature to control the equilibrium between the dark and bright states of the probe, without any further changes in the emission properties of the fluorescent form. These results allow rational design of pH-sensitive aliphatic SRAs fluorescent probes.