The present paper aims to analyze and assess the impact that poverty and access to water have on labor productivity of the economically active population in Colombia. Analysis methodology for estimating aggregate productivity of the different data on the long-term productivity explained as an indicator of economic efficiency via work assignment during the period 2000 to 2012. Accordingly, evidence was found to the effect that the economically active population has lost productivity in aggregate as a result of poverty and difficulties in access to water simultaneously, which is indicative of a structural inefficiency added.