Sistemas de transporte público masivo, posicionamiento geográfico de empresas y empleo en el ámbito urbano: el caso de Transmilenio y la ciudad de Bogotá 2005-2010 - 2015

Abstract

The growth dynamics that cities have experienced worldwide since the second decade of the 20th century has become a topic of interest for different researchers. This interest covers not only the phenomenon itself, but also the details on the causes, determinants and consequences of this growth. Thus, one of the academic currents that tries to understand the above, has focused on the analysis of the contribution of goods, services and public infrastructure in the performance and evolution of both the cities and the companies that are located in them and of the role of the different actors that are related to these. The analysis of the literature at a global and local level in this regard, has allowed the identification of different theoretical and empirical approaches that propose different approaches and methodologies to understand the interaction of some of the actors that converge in cities. Marshall's theoretical proposals made in the 19th century and taken up by Krugman (1997) in the 20th century serve as a starting point for different analyzes of the interactions between urban actors, by affirming that people and firms choose their places of location depending on the advantages that this location can offer them. More specifically, authors such as Banister and Berechman (2003), Gospodini (2005) or JV Henderson, Shalizi and Venables (2001) have supported these postulates and have explored the relationships between transportation investments in the urban structure, in their economic development and in the dynamics of geographic growth of cities. The development of economic geography, urban development and the transport sector achieved during the last decades has resulted in an important level of specification where the effects and relationships described in the previous point have achieved possibilities of detail that allow the specific analysis of the aforementioned interactions in attention to different modes of transport. The present investigation and the logic under which the transportation systems will be analyzed will give a taxonomy defined by the author on these transportation categories, which was elaborated based on the proposal of different academics. After differentiating each of these modes and highlighting the characteristics that differentiate them, a detailed review of empirical studies on the results present in the literature on the effects of investment in each of these modes of transport on the urban structure is presented. , focused on aspects such as accessibility and its relationship with job centers, the location of companies and job creation. This review concludes by highlighting these results arising from investments in mass transit rapid transit (BRT) systems in the urban structure of cities that are influenced by this development, as it is specifically the modality that is the object of study chosen for this research. The city of Bogotá is not an exception to this phenomenon, having experienced simultaneously during the last decades both the implementation of a BRT-type mass transportation system, as well as phenomena of geographic expansion and population growth of significant levels, situations that did not have allowed the implementation of the transport system, the evolution of the structure and the development of the city to respond appropriately to these levels of growth and expansion (Acevedo et al., 2009; Behrentz, Carrizosa, & Acevedo, 2009; Cabrera -Moya, 2014; González Rodríguez & Aldana, 2005; Hidalgo, 2014; Montañez, 2013; Tarchópulos & Ramos, 2003; Urazán & Velandia, 2012). As Kissack (2013) points out, the continuous analysis of the territory, sovereignty, authority and proper ordering of cities - which includes the geographical positioning of both companies and households and the displacement patterns of the actors that belong to them to its economy, its mobility systems and public transport - it is a pressing question for all areas of the social sciences. This review allowed defining the specific problem to be addressed, by identifying that there are theoretical and empirical gaps in the analysis and verification of the possible effects of the development of BRT-type public transport systems on the business and organizational dynamics of cities. Some of the aspects that explain these shortcomings are due to the short time elapsed since these systems were implemented in different cities around the world, as most studies have focused on evaluating the effect of this implementation on the value and use of land. (Bocarejo, Portilla, & Meléndez, 2016; Cervero, 2013; Estupiñan, 2011; Hidalgo, Pereira, Estupiñán, & Jiménez, 2013)