Emergencias mineras mortales en Colombia (2005-2020): investigación con modelo jerárquico de causalidad de 100 eventos

Abstract

Introduction: In the 1,473 mining emergencies registered in Colombia between 2005 and 2020, 1,653 people died and 2,590 were injured, which represents a high severity. In 95% of mining emergencies, up to three people died. Emergencies due to geomechanical failures are the most frequent, 509 emergencies and 465 deaths; and the explosions the most catastrophic event, only in five explosions 149 workers died. Explosions and geomechanical failures account for 52.8% of deaths. Objective: To build a hierarchical model of causality for fatal mining emergencies in Colombia, based on 100 investigations of mining emergencies conducted by the National Mining Agency in the period 2014 to August 2020. Materials and Methods: a hierarchical model of causality of deadly mining events in Colombia using ISM- Interpretative Structural Modeling. Of 183 risk factors identified, 31 were selected that represented 60.6% of the total frequencies of 1460. Results: A hierarchical model of eight levels was obtained, two of the risk factors are at the root of causality, four are causes immediate and 25 indirect causes. The sequence of risk factors in the tree shows how incorrect decisions and unfavorable environmental conditions are influenced by all the rules of the game of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System. The risks are inherent to us, nor is human error the cause in which an investigation must conclude, is the beginning Conclusion: The lessons and deaths in mining can be prevented, when reading the hierarchical model in a positive sense, it was found that if On the basis of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System and the leadership and responsibility of the mining employer, hazards and risks are identified and evaluated, ventilation and maintenance plans are implemented, the risks of critical tasks are managed, and continuous training is carried out. To the workers that lead them to acquire skills in their work, with an adequate perception of risks, the performance of adequate procedures and adequate supervision is established, environmental risks such as landslides or explosive or unbreathable atmospheres will be controlled and the workers will make correct decisions that avoid lessons and deaths.