dc.contributorMonsalve Mejía, Gaspar
dc.contributorBernal Franco, Gladys Rocío
dc.contributorOCEANICOS Grupo de Oceanografía e Ingeniería Costera de la Universidad Nacional
dc.creatorGómez García, Ángela María
dc.date.accessioned2020-09-22T19:32:53Z
dc.date.accessioned2022-09-21T19:00:29Z
dc.date.available2020-09-22T19:32:53Z
dc.date.available2022-09-21T19:00:29Z
dc.date.created2020-09-22T19:32:53Z
dc.date.issued2020-04-27
dc.identifierGómez-García, Ángela María. (2020). New insights from satellite gravimetry and thermal modelling on the oceanic lithospheric structure: the Caribbean plate as a case study. PhD thesis. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
dc.identifierhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/78490
dc.identifierUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifierRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifierhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
dc.identifier.urihttp://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/3412607
dc.description.abstractA refined understanding of the lithospheric configuration may greatly improve the accuracy of geohazard assessments. However, it is challenging to reach such comprehension where data coverage is limited, such as the oceanic lithosphere, one of the least well-known features on the outer solid Earth. In the ocean, classic techniques for direct data acquisition provide the most accurate results, but they require expensive and time-consuming campaigns, which can only typically cover relatively small areas. Nowadays, satellite missions have greatly improved the measurements of potential fields with global coverage, including the Vertical Gravity Gradients and the more commonly used gravity anomalies. Combined datasets of satellite gravimetry, altimetry and terrestrial measurements can be used to develop and test 3D lithospheric-scale models, with high spatial resolution and homogeneous coverage. In this thesis, 3D data-integrative and gravity-validated models of the Caribbean oceanic domain and northwestern South American plate are used to demonstrate that, despite scarce direct data, new insights regarding the lithospheric density and thermal configuration are possible. These models may contribute to more reliable geohazard studies. First, a new methodology is proposed for identifying tectonic boundaries, based on global-coverage Vertical Gravity Gradients. It can be applied in other tectonic settings worldwide because it relies on publicly available datasets. With this method, previously debated tectonic or terrain boundaries in the Caribbean oceanic realm are confirmed, and new ones are proposed. The most remarkable boundaries include: the limit between the North and South American plates, in the Lesser Antilles subduction; the most feasible boundary between the Colombian and Venezuelan basins, in the Beata Ridge area; the boundary between two crustal domains in the Grenada Basin; as well as the continent-ocean transition along the continental margins of the Caribbean plate. Additionally, widespread high and low density bodies in the Lesser and Leeward Antilles forearcs, and an anomalous low density body in the North Lesser Antilles subduction are recognised for the first time. Next, a 3D lithospheric-scale density model validated with gravity anomalies is presented for the South Caribbean and the northwestern South American plate. In this region, the Nazca and Caribbean flat-slabs interact beneath the South American continent. A slab geometry was integrated in the model after carrying out a sensitivity analysis to different mantle density configurations. In the calculated density distribution, fossil plume material is recognised, currently preserved within the Caribbean oceanic upper mantle. This preserved plume had never been identified before. Using this gravity-validated model, the 3D steady-state lithospheric thermal field is calculated, for the first time, for the study area, and its implications for lithospheric strength and geohazards are discussed. Given the prescribed model configuration, the lithosphere in the Andean orogen results to be weaker than the surroundings, and is therefore, prone to further deformation. The temperatures at which earthquakes nucleate are analysed, although limitations due to the steady-state assumption used for a flat-slab subduction system are recognised. The results suggest that a seismic gap is present between ∼35 and ∼39 km depth, with modelled temperatures ranging between ∼520° and 600°C, that can be associated with the transition in lithologies within the lithosphere (from continental crust to upper mantle), but additionally, it can also be related with the beginning of the seismogenic window of olivine, at 600°C. Additionally, potential gas hydrate stability zones in the marine sediments are delineated, thus highlighting areas where hydrates destabilisation may potentially trigger submarine landslides and tsunamis.
dc.description.abstractComprender de manera refinada la configuración de la litósfera puede mejorar significativamente la fiabilidad de las evaluaciones de geopeligros. Sin embargo, es un reto alcanzar tal comprensión allí donde la cobertura de datos es limitada, por ejemplo en la litósfera oceánica, uno de los componentes menos conocidos de la parte superior de la Tierra sólida. En el océano, las técnicas clásicas para la adquisición directa de datos proporcionan los resultados más precisos, pero requieren campañas costosas en tiempo y dinero, que típicamente sólo pueden cubrir áreas relativamente pequeñas. Hoy en día, las misiones satelitales han mejorado enormemente las medidas de campos potenciales con cobertura global, incluyendo los gradientes verticales de la gravedad y las más comúnmente usadas anomalías de gravedad. Conjuntos de datos combinados de gravimetría, altimetría y medidas terrestres pueden usarse para desarrollar y poner a prueba modelos 3D de escala litosférica, con alta resolución espacial y cobertura homogénea. En esta tesis, modelos 3D del dominio oceánico del Caribe, integradores de datos y validados por gravimetría, se usan para demostrar que, a pesar de los escasos datos directos, es posible obtener nueva información de la densidad y de la configuración termal de la litósfera. Estos modelos pueden contribuir a estudios más fiables de los geopeligros. Primero, se propone una nueva metodología para identificar límites tectónicos, basada en los gradientes verticales de gravedad, de cobertura global. Ésta técnica se puede aplicar en otros contextos tectónicos del mundo, puesto que emplea bases de datos de acceso público. Con este método, se confirman límites tectónicos o de terrenos en el dominio oceánico del Caribe, y se proponen otros nuevos. Los límites más destacables incluyen: el límite entre las placas Norte y Sur Americanas, en la subducción de las Antillas Menores; el límite más probable entre las cuencas de Colombia y Venezuela, en el área de la Dorsal de Beata; el límite entre dos dominios corticales en la cuenca de Grenada; y la transición océano-continente a lo largo de las márgenes continentales de la placa del Caribe. Además, se identifican por vez primera extensos cuerpos de alta y baja densidad en las Antillas Menores y de Sotavento, y un cuerpo anómalo de baja densidad en la subducción de las Antillas Menores del Norte. A continuación, un modelo de densidad en 3D de escala litosférica, validado con anomalías de gravedad, se presenta para el sur del Caribe y el noroeste de la placa Sur Americana. En esta región, bajo el continente Sur Americano, interaccionan las subducciones planas de las placas de Nazca y del Caribe. En el modelo se integró una geometría de esta subducción tras llevar a cabo un análisis de sensibilidad a diferentes configuraciones de densidad del manto. En la distribución de densidad calculada se reconoce material de una pluma fósil, actualmente preservada dentro del manto superior oceánico del Caribe. Esta pluma preservada no se había identificado hasta ahora. Usando el modelo validado por gravimetría, se calcula por primera vez el campo termal litosférico en 3D para el área de estudio, y se discuten sus implicaciones para la resistencia litosférica y los geopeligros. Dada la configuración prescrita al modelo, la litósfera en el orógeno andino resulta ser más débil que en los alrededores, y por tanto, más propensa a experimentar deformación posterior. Se analizan las temperaturas a las que nuclean los terremotos, aunque se reconocen las limitaciones de asumir estado estacionario en un sistema de subducción plana. Los resultados sugieren que hay un intervalo asísmico entre los ∼35 y ∼39 km de profundidad, con temperaturas modeladas de entre ∼520° y 600°C, que puede estar asociado con la transición de litologías en la litósfera (de la corteza continental al manto superior), pero adicionalmente, puede estar relacionado con el comienzo de la ventana sismogénica del olivino, a 600°C. Adicionalmente, se delinean las potenciales zonas de estabilidad de los hidratos de gas en los sedimentos marinos, señalando por tanto las áreas donde la desestabilización de los hidratos puede potencialmente desencadenar deslizamientos submarinos y tsunamis.
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisherMedellín - Minas - Doctorado en Ingeniería - Recursos Hidráulicos
dc.publisherDepartamento de Geociencias y Medo Ambiente
dc.publisherFacultad de Minas
dc.publisherMedellín, Colombia
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Medellín
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dc.rightsAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
dc.rightsAtribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional
dc.rightsAcceso abierto
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rightsDerechos reservados - Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.titleNew insights from satellite gravimetry and thermal modelling on the oceanic lithospheric structure: the Caribbean plate as a case study
dc.typeTesis


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