Evaluación agroecológica del uso y destino ambiental de plaguicidas en sistemas de producción de tomate de Boyacá y Santander en Colombia

dc.contributorBojacá Aldana, Carlos Ricardo
dc.contributorArguello Arias, Heliodoro
dc.creatorArias Rodríguez, Luis Alejandro
dc.date.accessioned2020-07-29T23:06:28Z
dc.date.accessioned2022-09-21T16:24:00Z
dc.date.available2020-07-29T23:06:28Z
dc.date.available2022-09-21T16:24:00Z
dc.date.created2020-07-29T23:06:28Z
dc.date.issued2020-06-09
dc.identifierhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/handle/unal/77882
dc.identifierUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifierRepositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.identifierhttps://repositorio.unal.edu.co/
dc.identifier.urihttp://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/3392308
dc.description.abstractEl tomate es una hortaliza de alto consumo a nivel mundial que hace parte de la canasta básica de los colombianos. Los sistemas productivos predominantes son convencionales a campo abierto o bajo invernadero, con manejo fitosanitario basado en plaguicidas de síntesis química. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el uso y destino ambiental de plaguicidas en dos regiones productoras de tomate, con el fin de estimar los riesgos asociados bajo un enfoque agroecológico. Las zonas de estudio fueron regiones de Santander y Boyacá, productoras a campo abierto y bajo invernadero, respectivamente. Mediante 252 encuestas semi-estructuradas se caracterizó cada sistema de producción icluyendo aspectos socioeconómicos y fitosanitarios; por medio de 392 muestras compuestas se determinó el destino ambiental de plaguicidas; se evaluó el riesgo ambiental incluyendo el riesgo ecológico y el riesgo de consumo, este último con 696 muestras de frutos de las regiones de estudio y Bogotá, además se integró la percepción de los actores mediante 134 encuestas semi-estructuradas y se propusieron soluciones alternativas desde la agroecología. Como resultado, se determinó un manejo químico predominante con uso excesivo e inadecuado con 129 principios activos diferentes, principalmente insecticidas y fungicidas. Se detectaron residuos de 22 plaguicidas en frutos, hojas y suelo, siendo comunes en compartimientos y regiones dimetomorf, metomilo y tiociclam, no hubo detecciones en aguas ni sedimentos. Existe riesgo ecológico sobre especies terrestres y acuáticas, afectando servicios ecosistémicos. También se evidenció riesgo en la salud humana por ingesta de tomate con carbofuran, indoxacarb, difenoconazol y hexaconazol. Se superaron los Límites Máximos de Residuos-LMR en frutos. Los actores no perciben claramente el riesgo generado y su exposición. Este estudio bajo la perspectiva agroecológica vislumbró el panorama general de contaminación y riesgo ambiental por plaguicidas en sistemas productivos convencionales de tomate, proponiendo un proceso de disminución de su uso y conversión hacia sistemas de producción agroecológicos. (Texto tomado de la fuente).
dc.description.abstractWorldwide tomato is a high consumption vegetable, as part of Colombians staple food. The predominant productive systems are conventionals in open field or greenhouse, with pest management based on chemical pesticides. The main goal of this work was to evaluate the use and environmental fate of pesticides in two tomato producing regions, in order to estimate the associated risks under an agroecological approach. The study areas were some regions of Santander and Boyacá, open field and greenhouse producers, respectively. Each production system was characterized included socioeconomic and pest management aspects, through 252 semi-structured surveys. The environmental fate of pesticides was determined, through 392 composite samples. An Environmental Risk Assesment was implemented, including ecological risk and consumption risk, the latter, with 692 tomato samples from the study regions and Bogotá; also, the perception of the actors was integrated in the analysis through 134 semi-structured surveys in order to propose solutions from agroecology. As a result, a predominant chemical pest management was determined with excessive and inadequate use of 129 different active components, mainly insecticides and fungicides. Residues of 22 pesticides were detected in fruits, leaves and soil. Dimetomorph, methomyl and thiocyclam pesticides were common in compartments and regions. There is an ecological risk on terrestrial and aquatic species, affecting ecosystem services. There is also a risk to human health due to tomato intake of carbofuran, indoxacarb, difenoconazole and hexaconazole. Maximum Residues Limits-MRLs were exceeded in fruits. The risk generated and their exposures are not clearly perceived by the actors. This study under agroecological perspective glimpsed the big picture of contamination and environmental risk by pesticides in conventional tomato production systems, proposing a process to reduce their use and conversion to agroecological production systems.
dc.languagespa
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
dc.publisherBogotá - Ciencias Agrarias - Doctorado en Agroecología
dc.publisherEscuela de posgrados
dc.publisherFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias
dc.publisherBogotá, Colombia
dc.publisherUniversidad Nacional de Colombia - Sede Bogotá
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dc.rightsAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.rightshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.titleEvaluación agroecológica del uso y destino ambiental de plaguicidas en sistemas de producción de tomate de Boyacá y Santander en Colombia
dc.typeTesis


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