Intraoperative pivot-shift accelerometry combined with anesthesia improves the measure of rotatory knee instability in anterior cruciate ligament injury

Abstract

Purpose: The knee stifness acquired following an Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury might afect clinical knee tests, i.e., the pivot-shift maneuver. In contrast, the motor efects of spinal anesthesia could favor the identifcation of rotatory knee defciencies prior to ACL reconstruction. Hence, we hypothesized that the intra-operative pivot-shift maneuver under spinal anesthesia generates more acceleration in the lateral tibial plateau of patients with an injured ACL than without. Methods: Seventy patients with unilateral and acute ACL rupture (62 men and 8 women, IKDC of 55.1±13.8 pts) were assessed using the pivot-shift maneuver before and after receiving spinal anesthesia. A triaxial accelerometer was attached to the skin between Gerdys’ tubercle and the anterior tuberosity to measure the subluxation and reduction phases. Mixed ANOVA and multiple comparisons were performed considering the anesthesia and leg as factors (alpha=5%). Results: We found a higher acceleration in the injured leg measured under anesthesia compared to without anesthesia (5.12±1.56m.s−2 vs. 2.73±1.19m.s−2 , p<0.001), and compared to the non-injured leg (5.12±1.56m.s−2 vs. 3.45±1.35m.s−2 , p<0.001). There was a presence of signifcant interaction between leg and anesthesia conditions (p<0.001). Conclusions: The pivot-shift maneuver performed under anesthesia identifes better rotatory instability than without anesthesia because testing the pivot-shift without anesthesia underestimates the rotatory subluxation of the knee by an increased knee stifness. Thus, testing under anesthesia provides a unique opportunity to determine the rotational instability prior to ACL reconstruction.