HPAs em águas superficiais e efluente hospitalar: degradação por PAOs e desenvolvimento de métodos para determinação e identificação de subprodutos

Abstract

In this study, was optimization an analytical method for identification and quantification method of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water and hospital effluent samples. High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (HPLC-FLD), assisted by Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME), was used. For SPE, the use of organic modifiers was necessary owing to the low solubility of PAHs, and employed 20% of acetonitrile as such. Factorial design was applied and the best results were: pH 5 for the samples and washing water. The SPE method was validated in Chromabond® C18 ec cartridges and recoveries ranged from 92.0 to 100.2% (RSD 0.2 to 5. 0%). The highest concentrations of PAHs using SPE were found in surface waters from the water course crossing the UFSM Campus (5.4 to 21.5 μg L-1). Using DLLME optimized by design of experiments, the best conditions were: pH 7, 0.2 mol L-1 NaCl, 100 μL of extractor solvent (carbon tetrachloride) and 500 μL of disperser solvent (acetone). The DLLME method was validated, providing recoveries ranging from 77.2 to 100.6% (RSD 0.9 to 10.2%) for surface water and 72.7 to 100.3% (RSD 1.9 to 8.9%) for hospital effluent samples. Using DLLME, the highest concentrations of PAHs were found in surface water samples (3.2 to 19.7 μg L-1). Employing both SPE and DLLME, the concentration of anthracene and pyrene were below the limit of quantification in all sampling points. By the environmental risk assessment naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene and phenanthrene showed moderate environmental risk. High environmental risk was found for fluorene, anthracene and pyrene. Heterogeneous photocatalysis and ozonation was examined as remediation method. A jacketed stirred tank reactor and ultraviolet irradiation were used for photocatalysis with TiO2 supported on polydimethylsiloxane. Owing to the low solubility of PAHs, it was necessary the addition of acetonitrile to the solutions (5% in aqueous solution, and 10% in surface water and hospital effluent). A factorial design was applied and the best rates of degradation was set as pH 9 and 35 °C (aqueous solution), and pH 7 and 30 °C (surface water and hospital effluent). First order kinetics was observed for photocatalytic degradation of PAHs in aqueous solution, and, zero order, in hospital effluent and surface water. The photocatalytic degradation subproducts were identified for anthracene, phenanthrene and naphthalene by GC-MS and the fragmentation routes were proposed. Semi-batch column type reactor was used by the ozonation. The best degradation rates of the analytes, in aqueous solution and in real samples, were observed at pH 9. The ozonation kinetics showed a first-order reaction for all samples and degradation times ranging from 5 to 15 minutes.