Costs and Business Models in Scientific Research Publishing. A report commissioned by the Wellcome Trust

Abstract

This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches. This report assesses the costs of publishing scientific, technical and medica! (STM) research articles. In particular it looks at the cost implications of the two business models which are currently in use, characterized here as 'subscriber-pays' and 'author-pays'. The intention is to provide estimates which can form a foundation on which to conduct a debate about the efficacy and efficiency of the two business models. The report cannot avoid engaging in sorne elements of the debate but it does not undertake a full evaluation of the different models. There are aspects of each model which ha ve little to do with costs but involve assessments of the potential responses of different players in the STM journal market. We have taken up such issues only to the extent they are necessary to understand the costs which are associated with the different approaches.