The first public product of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is its Conceptual Framework. This conceptual and analytical tool, presented here in detail, will underpin all IPBES functions and provide structure and comparability to the syntheses that IPBES will produce at different spatial scales, on different themes, and in different regions. Salient innovative aspects of the IPBES Conceptual Framework are its transparent and participatory construction process and its explicit consideration of diverse scientific disciplines, stakeholders, and knowledge systems, including indigenous and local knowledge. Because the focus on co-construction of integrative knowledge is shared by an increasing number of initiatives worldwide, this framework should be useful beyond IPBES, for the wider research and knowledge-policy communities working on the links between nature and people, such as natural, social and engineering scientists, policy-makers at different levels, and decision-makers in different sectors of society.14 116Larigauderie, A., Mooney, H.A., The Intergovernmental science-policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: moving a step closer to an IPCC-like mechanism for biodiversity (2010) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 2, pp. 9-14Perrings, C., Duraiappah, A., Larigauderie, A., Mooney, H., The biodiversity and ecosystem services science-policy interface (2011) Science, 331, pp. 1139-1140Östrom, E., A general framework for analysing sustainability of social-ecological systems (2009) Science, 325, pp. 419-422Díaz, S., Quétier, F., Cáceres, D.M., Trainor, S.F., Pérez-Harguindeguy, N., Bret-Harte, M.S., Finegan, B., Poorter, L., Linking functional diversity and social actor strategies in a framework for interdisciplinary analysis of nature's benefits to society (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 108, pp. 895-902Ash, N., Blanco, H., Brown, C., Garcia, K., Tomich, T., Vira, B., (2010) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: A Manual for Assessment Practitioners, , Island Press, Washington, DC(2004) Valuing Ecosytem Services: Toward Better Environmental Decision-Making, , National Academies Press, Wasghinton, DC(2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, , Island Press, Washington, DCCarpenter, S.R., Mooney, H.A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R.S., Diaz, S., Dietz, T., Pereira, H.M., Science for managing ecosystem services: beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, pp. 1305-1312Iaccarino, M., Science and culture (2003) EMBO Rep, 4, pp. 220-223Ramnath, A., "Indigenous knowledge" and "Science" in the age of globalization (2013) IIM Kozhikode Soc Manage Rev, 3, pp. 101-107Faith, D.P., Magallon, S., Hendry, A.P., Conti, E., Yahara, T., Donoghue, M.J., Evosystem services: an evolutionary perspective on the links between biodiversity and human well-being (2010) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 2, pp. 66-74Mace, G.M., Reyers, B., Alkemade, R., Biggs, R., Chapin Iii, F.S., Cornell, S.E., Díaz, S., Mumby, P.J., Approaches to defining a planetary boundary for biodiversity (2014) Global Environ Change, 28, pp. 289-297Loh, J., Harmon, D., A global index of biocultural diversity (2005) Ecol Indicat, 5, pp. 231-241Maffi, L., Biocultural diversity and sustainability (2007) The Sage Handbook of Environment and Society, , Sage Publications, J. Pretty, A.S. Ball, T.S. Benton, G.J. Lee, D.R. Orrm, D. Pfeffer, M.J.H. Ward (Eds.)Thaman, R.R., Pacific island agrobiodiversity and ethnobiodiversity: a foundation for sustainable pacific island life (2008) Biodiversity (Ottawa), 9, pp. 102-110(2010) Ley de Derechos de la Madre Tierra, , Ley 071 de 21 de Diciembre de 2010, Gaceta Oficial de BoliviaPacheco, D., (2014) Living-Well in Harmony and Balance with Mother Earth. A Proposal for Establishing a New Global Relationship Between Human Beings and Mother Earth, , Universidad de la Cordillera, La PazCallicot, J., Ames, R., (1989) Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought: Essays in Environmental Philosophy, , State University of New York, Albany(2008) Constitución de la República del EcuadorZimmerer, K., Environmental governance through "Speaking Like an Indigenous State" and respatializing resources: ethical livelihood concepts in Bolivia as versatility or verisimilitude? (2013) Geoforum, 57Gallai, N., Salles, J.-M., Settele, J., Vaissière, B.E., Economic valuation of the vulnerability of world agriculture confronted with pollinator decline (2009) Ecol Econ, 68, pp. 810-821Potts, S.G., Biesmeijer, J.C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., Kunin, W.E., Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers (2010) Trends Ecol Evol, 25, pp. 345-353Hill, R., Baird, A., Buchanan, D., Aborigines and fire in the Wet Tropics of Queensland, Australia: ecosystem management across cultures (1999) Soc Nat Resour, 12, pp. 205-223Sharer, R.J., (2006) The Ancient Maya, , Stanford University Press, Stanford, CAReyers, B., Biggs, R., Cumming, G.S., Elmqvist, T., Hejnowicz, A.P., Polasky, S., Getting the measure of ecosystem services: a social-ecological approach (2013) Front Ecol Environ, 11, pp. 268-273Spangenberg, J., Görg, C., Truongd, D., Tekkene Bustamente, J., Settele, J., Provision of ecosystem services is determined by human agency, not ecosystem functions. Four case studies (2014) Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manage, 10, pp. 40-53Shapiro, J., Báldi, A., Accurate accounting: how to balance ecosystem services and disservices (2014) Ecosyst Serv, 7, pp. 201-202Luck, G.W., Harrington, R., Harrison, P.A., Kremen, C., Berry, P.M., Bugter, R., Dawson, T.P., Feld, C.K., Quantifying the contribution of organisms to the provision of ecosystem services (2009) Bioscience, 59, pp. 223-235Daw, T., Brown, K., Rosendo, S., Pomeroy, R., Applying the ecosystem services concept to poverty alleviation: the need to disaggregate human well-being (2011) Environ Conserv, 38, pp. 370-379Östrom, E., (1990) Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge(2006) Multilevel Governance of Global Environmental Change Perspectives from Science, Sociology and the Law, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, G. Winter (Ed.)Borrini-Feyerabend, G., Hill, R., Governance of the conservation of nature (2015) Protected Area Governance and Management, pp. 170-205. , ANU Press, G. Worboys, M. Lockwood, A. Kothari, S. Feary, I. Pulsford (Eds.)Duraiappah, A.K., Asah, S.T., Brondizio, E.S., Kosoy, N., O'Farrell, P.J., Prieur-Richard, A.-H., Subramanian, S.M., Takeuchi, K., Managing the mismatches to provide ecosystem services for human well-being: a conceptual framework for understanding the New Commons (2014) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 7, pp. 94-100Östrom, E., Collective action and the evolution of social norms (2000) J Econ Perspect, 14, pp. 137-158Max-Neef, M.A., Development and human needs (1992) Real-Life Economics: Understanding Wealth Creation, pp. 197-213. , Routledge, P. Elkins, M.A. Max-Neef (Eds.)Rogers, D.S., Duraiappah, A.K., Antons, D.C., Munoz, P., Bai, X., Fragkias, M., Gutscher, H., A vision for human well-being: transition to social sustainability (2012) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 4, pp. 61-73Duraiappah, A.K., Muñoz, P., Inclusive wealth: a tool for the United Nations (2012) Environ Dev Econ, 17, pp. 362-367Kubiszewski, I., Costanza, R., Franco, C., Lawn, P., Talberth, J., Jackson, T., Aylmer, C., Beyond GDP Measuring and achieving global genuine progress (2013) Ecol Econ, 93, pp. 57-68Costanza, R., Kubiszewski, I., Giovannini, E., Lovins, H., McGlade, J., Pickett, K.E., Ragnarsdottir, K.V., Wilkinson, R., Time to leave GDP behind (2014) Nature, 505, pp. 283-285Zimmerer, K., The indigenous Andean concept of Kawsay, the politics of knowldege and development and the borderlands of environmental sustainability in Latin America (2012) PMLA Theor Methodol, 127, pp. 600-606Yahara, T., History of the human use of environment over 50,000 years and lessons toward "Shizen Kyosei Shakai" (society in harmony with nature) (2011) What is Environmental History?, pp. 75-104. , Bun-ichi Sogo Shuppan (in Japanese), T. Yumoto, T. Yahara, H. Matsuda (Eds.)Hajjar, R., Jarvis, D.I., Gemmill-Herren, B., The utility of crop genetic diversity in maintaining ecosystem services (2008) Agric Ecosyst Environ, 123, pp. 261-270Thaman, R., Agrodeforestation and the loss of agrobiodiversity in the Pacific Islands: a call for conservation (2014) Pac Conserv Biol, 20, p. 180MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J.R., Wiesinger, G., Dax, T., Stamou, N., Fleury, P., Lazpita, J.G., Gibon, A., Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: environmental consequences and policy response (2000) J Environ Manage, 59, pp. 47-69Biggs, R., Bohensky, E., Desanker, P.V., Fabricius, C., Lynam, T.A., Musvoto, M.A., Mutale, C., Scholes, B.R.J., (2004) Nature Supporting People: The Southern African Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Integrated Report, , Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchBerkes, F., (1999) Sacred Ecology: Traditional Ecological Knowledge And Resource Management, , Taylor & FrancisOrmsby, A.A., Bhagwat, S.A., Sacred forests of India: a strong tradition of community-based natural resource management (2010) Environ Conserv, 37, pp. 320-326Ernstson, H., Sorlin, S., Elmqvist, T., Social movements and ecosystem services - the role of social network structure in protecting and managing urban green areas in Stockholm (2008) Ecol Soc, 13, p. 39. , http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art39/Russell, R., Guerry, A.D., Balvanera, P., Gould, R.K., Basurto, X., Chan, K.M.A., Klain, S., Tam, J., Humans and nature: how knowing and experiencing nature affect well-being (2013) Annu Rev Environ Resour, 38, pp. 473-502Chapin, F.S., Chapin, M.C., Matson, P.A., Vitousek, P., (2011) Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology, , SpringerVellekoop, J., Sluijs, A., Smit, J., Schouten, S., Weijers, J.W.H., Damste, J.S.S., Brinkhuis, H., Rapid short-term cooling following the Chicxulub impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (2014) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111, pp. 7537-7541Blumetti, A.M., DiManna, P., Ferreli, L., Florenza, D., Vittorl, E., Reduction of environmental risk from capable faults: the case of the Eastern Etna region (eastern Sicily, Italy) (2007) Quaternary Int, 173, pp. 45-56Scholes, R.J., Reyers, B., Biggs, R., Spierenburg, M.J., Duriappah, A., Multi-scale and cross-scale assessments of social-ecological systems and their ecosystem services (2013) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 5, pp. 16-25Brondizio, E.S., Östrom, E., Young, O.R., Connectivity and the governance of multilevel social-ecological systems: the role of social capital (2009) Annu Rev Environ Resour, 34, pp. 253-278Hoffman, L.L., Varady, R.G., Flessa, K.W., Balvanera, P., Ecosystem services across borders: a framework for transboundary conservation policy (2010) Front Ecol Environ, 8, pp. 84-91Sutherland, W.J., Gardner, T.A., Haider, L.J., Dicks, L.V., How can local and traditional knowledge be effectively incorporated into international assessments? (2013) Oryx, 48, pp. 1-2Tengö, M., Brondizio, E., Elmqvist, T., Malmer, P., Spierenburg, M., Connecting diverse knowledge systems for enhanced ecosystem governance: the multiple evidence base approach (2014) AMBIO, 43, pp. 579-591Thaman, R., Lyver, P., Mpande, R., Perez, E., Cariño, J., Takeuchi, K., The contribution of indigenous and local knowledge systems to IPBES: building synergies with Science (2013) IPBES Expert Meeting Report, p. 49. , UNESCO, Paris, UNESCO/UNUDuraiappah, A.K., Nakamura, K., Takeuchi, K., Watanabe, M., Nishi, M., (2012) Satoyama-Satoumi Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes of Japan, , United Nations University PressWegner, G., Pascual, U., Cost-benefit analysis in the context of ecosystem services for human well-being: a multidisciplinary critique (2011) Global Environ Change - Hum Policy Dimens, 21, pp. 492-504Reid, W.V., Mooney, H.A., Capistrano, D., Carpenter, S.R., Chopra, K., Cropper, A., Dasgupta, P., May, R.M., Nature: the many benefits of ecosystem services (2006) Nature, 443, pp. 749-750Pascual, U., Muradian, R., Brander, L., Gómez-Baggetun, E., Martín-López, B., Verman, M., Armsworth, P., Eppink, F., The economics of valuing ecosystem services and biodiversity (2010) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Ecological and Economic Foundations, pp. 183-256. , Earthscan, P. Kumar (Ed.)Brondízio, E.S., Gatzweiler, F.W., Zografos, C., Kumar, M., Socio-cultural context of ecosystem and biodiversity valuation (2010) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) Ecological and Economic Foundations, pp. 150-181. , Earthscan, P. Kumar (Ed.)Gómez-Baggethun, E., Ruiz-Pérez, M., Economic valuation and the commodification of ecosystem services (2011) Prog Phys Geogr, 35, pp. 613-628Chan, K.M.A., Satterfield, T., Goldstein, J., Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values (2012) Ecol Econ, 74, pp. 8-18Jax, K., Barton, D.N., Chan, K.M.A., de Groot, R., Doyle, U., Eser, U., Goerg, C., Haber, W., Ecosystem services and ethics (2013) Ecol Econ, 93, pp. 260-268Takeuchi, K., Rebuilding the relationship between people and nature: the Satoyama Initiative (2010) Ecol Res, 25, pp. 891-897Wilson, E., (1984) Biophilia, , Harvard University PressChan, K.M.A., Guerry, A.D., Balvanera, P., Klain, S., Satterfield, T., Basurto, X., Bostrom, A., Halpern, B.S., Where are cultural and social in ecosystem services? A framework for constructive engagement (2012) Bioscience, 62, pp. 744-756Sagoff, M., The quantification and valuation of ecosystem services (2011) Ecol Econ, 70, pp. 497-502Martín-López, B., Gómez-Baggethun, E., García-Llorente, M., Montes, C., Trade-offs across value-domains in ecosystem services assessment (2014) Ecol Indicat, 37, pp. 220-228Mace, G.M., Norris, K., Fitter, A.H., Biodiversity and ecosystem services: a multilayered relationship (2012) Trends Ecol Evol, 27, pp. 19-26Bateman, I.J., Harwood, A.R., Mace, G.M., Watson, R.T., Abson, D.J., Andrews, B., Binner, A., Dugdale, S., Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making: land use in the United Kingdom (2013) Science, 341, pp. 45-50Kallis, G., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Zografos, C., To value or not to value? That is not the question (2013) Ecol Econ, 94, pp. 97-105Pascual, U., Phelps, J., Garmendia, E., Brown, K., Corbera, E., Martin, A., Gomez-Baggethun, E., Muradian, R., Social equity matters in payments for ecosystem services (2014) BioscienceGarmendia, E., Pascual, U., A justice critique of environmental valuation for ecosystem governance (2013) Justices and Injustices of Ecosystem Services, pp. 161-186. , Routledge, T. Sikor (Ed.)Kumar, P., Brondizio, E., Gatzweiler, F., Gowdy, J., de Groot, D., Pascual, U., Reyers, B., Sukhdev, P., The economics of ecosystem services: from local analysis to national policies (2013) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 5, pp. 78-86Díaz, S., Demissew, S., Joly, C., Lonsdale, W., Larigauderie, A., A Rosetta Stone for nature's benefits to people (2015) PLOS Biol, 13Cash, D.W., Clark, W.C., Alcock, F., Dickson, N.M., Eckley, N., Guston, D.H., Jager, J., Mitchell, R.B., Knowledge systems for sustainable development (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 100, pp. 8086-8091McGinnis, M.D., Östrom, E., Social-ecological system framework: initial changes and continuing challenges (2014) Ecol Soc, 19, p. 30Leemans, R., Solecki, W., Redefining environmental sustainability (2013) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 5, pp. 272-277Mauser, W., Klepper, G., Rice, M., Schmalzbauer, B.S., Hackmann, H., Leemans, R., Moore, H., Transdisciplinary global change research: the co-creation of knowledge for sustainability (2013) Curr Opin Environ Sustain, 5, pp. 420-431Görg, C., Spangenberg, J., Tekken, V., Burkhard, B., Truong, D., Escalada, M., Heong, K., Márquez, L.J.V.B., Engaging local knowledge in biodiversity research: Experiences from large inter- and transdiciplinary projects (2014) Interdiscipl Sci Rev, 39, pp. 323-341IPBES-2/4: conceptual framework for the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (2014) Report of the Second Session of the Plenary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, , http://www.ipbes.net/images/documents/plenary/second/working/2_17/Final/IPBES_2_17_en.pdf(2014) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges, , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome(2012) Hidden Harvest: The Global Contribution of Capture Fisheries, , World Bank, Washington, DCBrashares, J.S., Arcese, P., Sam, M.K., Coppolillo, P.B., Sinclair, A.R.E., Balmford, A., Bushmeat hunting, wildlife declines, and fish supply in West Africa (2004) Science, 306, pp. 1180-1183(1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries, , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome