Chrysididae is a diverse group of parasitoid/cleptoparasitic wasps; however, host– parasite relationships and life cycles of few species have been studied. Nests of different wasp and bee species were obtained during a ...

Mutualisms such as the figfig wasp mutualism are generally exploited by parasites. We demonstrate that amongst nonpollinating fig wasps (NPFWs) parasitic on Ficus citrifolia, a species of Idarnes galls flowers and another ...