Striatal cholinergic interneurons provide modulation to striatal circuits involved in voluntary motor control and goal-directed behaviors through their autonomous tonic discharge and their firing “pause” responses to novel ...

In the inner ear, the activity of hair cells that transform sound into electrical signals is modulated by a descending efferent innervation from the brain. A major component of this feedback involves cholinergic inhibition ...

Background: Enhanced striatal cholinergic interneuron activity contributes to the striatal hypercholinergic state in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to levodopa-induced dyskinesia. In severe PD, dyskinesia and motor fluctuations ...

The relative lack of specificity of atropine as a competitive antagonist of muscarinic receptors is a frequent cause of undesirable parasympathetic side effects. Consequently, new tropane alkaloids with potentially greater ...

Cochlear root neurons (CRNs) are the first brainstem neurons which initiate and participate in the full expression of the acoustic startle reflex. Although it has been suggested that a cholinergic pathway from the ventral ...

Abstract: Given its ability to explain the most frequent motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD), degeneration of dopaminergic neurons has been considered one of the disease´s main pathophysiological features. Several ...

Introduction: Dopamine depletion is one of the most important features of Parkinson’s Disease (PD). However, insufficient response to dopaminergic replacement therapy suggests the involvement of other neurotransmitter ...