A review to update the protected areas in ecuador and an analysis of their main impacts and conservation strategies

dc.creatorMestanza-Ramón, Carlos
dc.creatorMonar-Nuñez, Joel
dc.creatorGuala-Alulema, Paola
dc.creatorMontenegro-Zambrano, Yuri
dc.creatorHerrera-Chávez, Renato
dc.creatorMilanés Batista, Celene
dc.creatorArguello-Guadalupe, Carla
dc.creatorBuñay-Guisñan, Pamela
dc.creatorToledo-Villacís, Marco
dc.date2023-09-18T16:17:32Z
dc.date2023-09-18T16:17:32Z
dc.date2023-05-05
dc.date.accessioned2023-10-03T18:58:16Z
dc.date.available2023-10-03T18:58:16Z
dc.identifierMestanza-Ramón, C.; Monar-Nuñez, J.; Guala-Alulema, P.; Montenegro-Zambrano, Y.; Herrera-Chávez, R.; Milanes, C.B.; Arguello-Guadalupe, C.; Buñay-Guisñan, P.; Toledo-Villacís, M. A Review to Update the Protected Areas in Ecuador and an Analysis of Their Main Impacts and Conservation Strategies. Environments 2023, 10, 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/ environments10050079
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/11323/10493
dc.identifier10.3390/environments10050079
dc.identifier2076-3298
dc.identifierCorporación Universidad de la Costa
dc.identifierREDICUC - Repositorio CUC
dc.identifierhttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/9166647
dc.descriptionEstablishing new protected areas (PAs) is one of the first steps needed to reduce habitat loss and fragmentation, protect ecosystems that are of vital importance to conserve biodiversity, and even protect traditional cultures. The correct management of a PA can be beneficial for the different forms of life found within it and can provide multiple benefits to humanity and to the continued functioning of productive ecosystems. Protected Areas act as buffers for life while serving as sanctuaries and strongholds for species in the face of climate change. Within these areas, genetic diversity is enabled to evolve in response to the pressures of natural selection. The causes of biodiversity loss include changes in land use due to agriculture and urbanization, invasive species, overexploitation, and pollution. As stipulated, the current study aims to update the National System of Protected Areas (SNAP) by applying a review of scientific and gray literature. This review presents updated information; Ecuador currently has 74 protected areas, with state, decentralized autonomous, community, and private subdivisions. The main social and environmental impacts found in the protected areas included in the SNAP are presented in a review of the existing literature. Finally, strategies are proposed to improve the management of the protected areas of the SNAP focused on strengthening the conservation of their different life forms and the responsible use of their ecosystem services through more efficient and productive spaces.
dc.format13 páginas
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.publisherSwitzerland
dc.relationEnvironments - MDPI
dc.relation1. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. Boletín Nro 7; Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador, 2014.
dc.relation2. Chape, S.; Harrison, J.; Spalding, M.; Lysenko, I. Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2005, 360, 443–455. [CrossRef]
dc.relation3. Proença, V.; Pereira, H.M. Ecosystem Changes, Biodiversity Loss and Human Well-Being. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; pp. 215–224, ISBN 9780444522726.
dc.relation4. Mestanza-Ramón, C.; Henkanaththegedara, S.M.; Vásconez Duchicela, P.; Vargas Tierras, Y.; Sánchez Capa, M.; Constante Mejía, D.; Jimenez Gutierrez, M.; Charco Guamán, M.; Mestanza Ramón, P. In-Situ and Ex-Situ Biodiversity Conservation in Ecuador: A Review of Policies, Actions and Challenges. Diversity 2020, 12, 315. [CrossRef]
dc.relation5. Githiru, M.; Njambuya, J.W. Globalization and Biodiversity Conservation Problems: Polycentric REDD+ Solutions. Land 2019, 8, 35. [CrossRef]
dc.relation6. Miller, J.R. Biodiversity conservation and the extinction of experience. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2005, 20, 430–434. [CrossRef]
dc.relation7. Soulé, M.E.; Wilcox, B.A. Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective; Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA, 1980; ISBN 0878938001.
dc.relation8. Balvanera, P.; Quijas, S.; Karp, D.S.; Ash, N.; Bennett, E.M.; Boumans, R.; Brown, C.; Chan, K.M.A.; Chaplin-Kramer, R.; Halpern, B.S.; et al. Ecosystem Services BT—The GEO Handbook on Biodiversity Observation Networks; Walters, M., Scholes, R.J., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 39–78, ISBN 978-3-319-27288-7.
dc.relation9. Primack, R.B. Essentials of Conservation Biology; Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, MA, USA, 2006; Volume 23.
dc.relation10. Hirons, M.; Comberti, C.; Dunford, R. Valuing cultural ecosystem services. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 2016, 41, 545–574. [CrossRef]
dc.relation11. Zoppi, C. Ecosystem Services, Green Infrastructure and Spatial Planning. Sustainability 2020, 12, 4396. [CrossRef]
dc.relation12. Fu, B.; Wang, S.; Su, C.; Forsius, M. Linking ecosystem processes and ecosystem services. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2013, 5, 4–10. [CrossRef]
dc.relation13. Pollock, L.J.; Thuiller, W.; Jetz, W. Large conservation gains possible for global biodiversity facets. Nature 2017, 546, 141–144. [CrossRef]
dc.relation14. Gillespie, J.; Gillespie, J. Protected Areas. In Protected Areas; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 13–27.
dc.relation15. Vimal, R.; Navarro, L.M.; Jones, Y.; Wolf, F.; Le Moguédec, G.; Réjou-Méchain, M. The global distribution of protected areas management strategies and their complementarity for biodiversity conservation. Biol. Conserv. 2021, 256, 109014. [CrossRef]
dc.relation16. Ravenel, R.M.; Redford, K.H. Understanding IUCN protected area categories. Nat. AREAS J. 2005, 25, 381–389.
dc.relation17. Paiva, R.J.O.; Brites, R.S.; Machado, R.B. The Role of Protected Areas in the Avoidance of Anthropogenic Conversion in a High Pressure Region: A Matching Method Analysis in the Core Region of the Brazilian Cerrado. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0132582. [CrossRef]
dc.relation18. Caballero-Serrano, V.; McLaren, B.; Carrasco, J.C.; Alday, J.G.; Fiallos, L.; Amigo, J.; Onaindia, M. Traditional ecological knowledge and medicinal plant diversity in Ecuadorian Amazon home gardens. Glob. Ecol. Conserv. 2019, 17, e00524. [CrossRef]
dc.relation19. Sierra, R.; Campos, F.; Chamberlin, J. Assessing biodiversity conservation priorities: Ecosystem risk and representativeness in continental Ecuador. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2002, 59, 95–110. [CrossRef]
dc.relation20. Kleemann, J.; Koo, H.; Hensen, I.; Mendieta-Leiva, G.; Kahnt, B.; Kurze, C.; Inclan, D.J.; Cuenca, P.; Noh, J.K.; Hoffmann, M.H.; et al. Priorities of action and research for the protection of biodiversity and ecosystem services in continental Ecuador. Biol. Conserv. 2022, 265, 109404. [CrossRef]
dc.relation21. Cegielski, M.; Janeczko, B.; Mules, T.; Wells, J. The Economic Value of Tourism to Places of Cultural Heritage Significance; Australian Heritage Commission: Canberra, Australia, 2001.
dc.relation22. Zolla, C.; Márquez, E.Z. Qué es el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica? In Los pueblos indígenas de México: 100 preguntas; Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico: Mexico City, Mexico, 2018; pp. 341–347.
dc.relation23. De Souza, A.C.; Prevedello, J.A. The importance of protected areas for overexploited plants: Evidence from a biodiversity hotspot. Biol. Conserv. 2020, 243, 108482. [CrossRef]
dc.relation24. von Wehrden, H.; von Oheimb, G.; Abson, D.J.; Härdtle, W. Sustainability and Ecosystems BT—Sustainability Science: An Introduction. In Sustainability Science; Heinrichs, H., Martens, P., Michelsen, G., Wiek, A., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2016; pp. 61–70, ISBN 978-94-017-7242-6.
dc.relation25. Mestanza-Ramón, C.; Anfuso, G.; Chica-Ruiz, J.A.; Mooser, A.; Botero, C.M.; Pranzini, E. Coastal Scenic Evaluation of Continental Ecuador and Galapagos Islands: Human Impacts and Management Issues. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8, 468. [CrossRef]
dc.relation26. Roy, B.A.; Zorrilla, M.; Endara, L.; Thomas, D.C.; Vandegrift, R.; Rubenstein, J.M.; Policha, T.; Ríos-Touma, B.; Read, M. New Mining Concessions Could Severely Decrease Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Ecuador. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 2018, 11. [CrossRef]
dc.relation27. Negru, C.; Gaibor, I.D.; Hălălis, an, A.-F.; Popa, B. Management Effectiveness Assessment for Ecuador’s National Parks. Diversity 2020, 12, 487. [CrossRef]
dc.relation28. Rivera-Parra, J.L.; Vizcarra, C.; Mora, K.; Mayorga, H.; Dueñas, J.C. Spatial distribution of oil spills in the north eastern Ecuadorian Amazon: A comprehensive review of possible threats. Biol. Conserv. 2020, 252, 108820. [CrossRef]
dc.relation29. Cuesta, F.; Peralvo, M.; Merino-Viteri, A.; Bustamante, M.; Baquero, F.; Freile, J.F.; Muriel, P.; Torres-Carvajal, O. Priority areas for biodiversity conservation in mainland Ecuador. Neotrop. Biodivers. 2017, 3, 93–106. [CrossRef]
dc.relation30. Carvache-Franco, M.; Carvache-Franco, W.; Manner-Baldeon, F. Market Segmentation Based on Ecotourism Motivations in Marine Protected Areas and National Parks in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. J. Coast. Res. 2021, 37, 620–633. [CrossRef]
dc.relation31. Kleemann, J.; Zamora, C.; Villacis-Chiluisa, A.B.; Cuenca, P.; Koo, H.; Noh, J.K.; Fürst, C.; Thiel, M. Deforestation in Continental Ecuador with a Focus on Protected Areas. Land 2022, 11, 268. [CrossRef]
dc.relation32. Guerrero, M.M. Ministerio Del Ambiente Y Agua Acuerdo Ministerial Nro. MAAE-2021-020; Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador, 2019.
dc.relation33. MAATE. El Área Ecológica de Conservación Municipal Mazán en Azuay es Declarada Como el Área Protegida Nro. 62 del Ecuador; Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador, 2017.
dc.relation34. MAATE. Plan de Manejo del Área de Conservación y Otros Productos; Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador, 2018.
dc.relation35. MAATE. Registro oficial, órgano de la republica del Ecuador; 21AD; Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador, 2021.
dc.relation36. Arregui Solis Maria Leonor. Ministerio Del Ambiente, Agua Y TransiciÓn EcolÓgica; Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador, 2012.
dc.relation37. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. La Estrategia Nacional de Biodiversidad 2015–2030, 1st ed.; Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador: Quito, Ecuador, 2016.
dc.relation38. Espinosa, J.; Moreno, J. Agricultural Land Use BT—The Soils of Ecuador; Espinosa, J., Moreno, J., Bernal, G., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; pp. 151–162, ISBN 978-3-319-25319-0.
dc.relation39. Bissardon, P.; Becerra, S.; Maurice, L. The health risk linked to oil activities in the Ecuadorian Amazon: From alerts to decisions. Environ. Risques Sante 2013, 12, 338–344. [CrossRef]
dc.relation40. López-Blanco, C.; Collahuazo, L.; Torres, S.; Chinchay, L.; Ayala, D.; Benítez, P. Mercury Pollution in Soils from the Yacuambi River (Ecuadorian Amazon) as a Result of Gold Placer Mining. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2015, 95, 311–316. [CrossRef]
dc.relation41. Mestanza-Ramón, C.; Paz-Mena, S.; López-Paredes, C.; Jimenez-Gutierrez, M.; Herrera-Morales, G.; D’Orio, G.; Straface, S. History, Current Situation and Challenges of Gold Mining in Ecuador’s Litoral Region. Land 2021, 10, 1220. [CrossRef]
dc.relation42. Betancourt, O.; Narváez, A.; Roulet, M. Small-scale Gold Mining in the Puyango River Basin, Southern Ecuador: A Study of Environmental Impacts andHuman Exposures. Ecohealth 2005, 2, 323–332. [CrossRef]
dc.relation43. MINISTERIO DE TURISMO. Boletín de Estadísticas Turísticas 2012–2016; Ministerio De Turismo: Quito, Ecuador, 2017.
dc.relation44. Ministerio de Comercio Industria y Turismo. Estadísticas Nacionales—Flujo de Turistas—Turismo Receptor Estadísticas Nacionales— Flujo de Turistas—Turismo Receptor; Ministerio de Comercio Industria y Turismo: Bogota, Colombia, 2021.
dc.relation45. Mestanza, C.; Botero, C.M.; Anfuso, G.; Chica-Ruiz, J.A.; Pranzini, E.; Mooser, A. Beach litter in Ecuador and the Galapagos islands: A baseline to enhance environmental conservation and sustainable beach tourism. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2019, 140, 573–578. [CrossRef]
dc.relation46. Alava, J.J.; McMullen, K.; Jones, J.; Barragán-Paladines, M.J.; Hobbs, C.; Tirapé, A.; Calle, P.; Alarcón, D.; Muñoz-Pérez, J.P.; Muñoz-Abril, L. Multiple anthropogenic stressors in the Galápagos Islands’ complex social–ecological system: Interactions of marine pollution, fishing pressure, and climate change with management recommendations. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2022. [CrossRef]
dc.relation47. Buytaert, W.; Célleri, R.; De Bièvre, B.; Cisneros, F.; Wyseure, G.; Deckers, J.; Hofstede, R. Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean páramos. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2006, 79, 53–72. [CrossRef]
dc.relation48. Vuille, M.; Carey, M.; Huggel, C.; Buytaert, W.; Rabatel, A.; Jacobsen, D.; Soruco, A.; Villacis, M.; Yarleque, C.; Timm, O.E. Rapid decline of snow and ice in the tropical Andes–Impacts, uncertainties and challenges ahead. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2018, 176, 195–213. [CrossRef]
dc.relation49. Harden, C.P. Human impacts on headwater fluvial systems in the northern and central Andes. Geomorphology 2006, 79, 249–263. [CrossRef]
dc.relation50. Alava, J.J.; Barragán, M.J.; Denkinger, J. Assessing the impact of bycatch on Ecuadorian humpback whale breeding stock: A review with management recommendations. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2012, 57, 34–43. [CrossRef]
dc.relation51. Sánchez-Cortez, J.L. Conservation of geoheritage in Ecuador: Situation and perspectives. Int. J. Geoheritage Park. 2019, 7, 91–101. [CrossRef]
dc.relation52. Lang, M. Más Allá del Desarrollo; Fundacion Rosa Luxemburg: Berlin, Germany, 2011; ISBN 9789942090539.
dc.relation53. Montero, O.P.; Batista, C.M. Social perception of coastal risk in the face of hurricanes in the southeastern region of Cuba. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2020, 184, 105010. [CrossRef]
dc.relation54. Alarcón Borges, R.Y.; Pérez Montero, O.; Tejera, R.G.; Silveira, M.T.; Montoya, J.C.; Hernández Mestre, D.; Vazquez, J.M.; Mestanza-Ramon, C.; Hernandez-Guzmán, D.; Milanes, C.B. Legal Risk in the Management of Forest Cover in a River Basin San Juan, Cuba. Land 2023, 12, 842. [CrossRef]
dc.relation55. Mestanza-Ramón, C.; Jiménez-Caballero, J.L. Nature Tourism on the Colombian—Ecuadorian Amazonian Border: History, Current Situation, and Challenges. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4432. [CrossRef]
dc.relation56. Gavilanes Montoya, A.V.; Esparza Parra, J.F.; Chávez Velásquez, C.R.; Tito Guanuche, P.E.; Parra Vintimilla, G.M.; Mestanza-Ramón, C.; Vizuete, D.D. A Nature Tourism Route through GIS to Improve the Visibility of the Natural Resources of the Altar Volcano, Sangay National Park, Ecuador. Land 2021, 10, 884. [CrossRef]
dc.relation57. Mestanza Ramón, C.; Villacís, M.A.T.; García, A.E.C. Tortugas Charapa un aporte para el turismo comunitario y conservación de la biodiversidad. Explor. Digit. 2020, 4, 55–65. [CrossRef]
dc.relation13
dc.relation1
dc.relation5
dc.relation10
dc.rights© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
dc.rightsAtribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)
dc.rightshttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.sourcehttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/10/5/79
dc.subjectSNAP
dc.subjectTourism
dc.subjectProtected areas
dc.subjectTechnology
dc.subjectEcosystems
dc.subjectEcuador
dc.titleA review to update the protected areas in ecuador and an analysis of their main impacts and conservation strategies
dc.typeArtículo de revista
dc.typehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
dc.typeText
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.typehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.typehttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85


Este ítem pertenece a la siguiente institución