Structural architecture of Buriticá gold deposit, Colombia - insights from hydrothermal alteration geochemistry and implications for regional exploration

dc.contributorNaranjo, Andrés
dc.contributorGeología (Categoría C)
dc.contributorDavis, Brett
dc.creatorArango Trujillo, Marcelo
dc.date2023-05-24T22:01:09Z
dc.date2023-05-24T22:01:09Z
dc.date2023-05-23
dc.date.accessioned2023-09-06T18:31:46Z
dc.date.available2023-09-06T18:31:46Z
dc.identifierhttps://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/handle/ucaldas/19448
dc.identifierUniversidad de Caldas
dc.identifierRepositorio Institucional Universidad de Caldas
dc.identifierhttps://repositorio.ucaldas.edu.co/
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/8698762
dc.descriptionIlustraciones, mapas, fotos
dc.descriptionspa:El desarrollo de los sistemas minerales hidrotermales está fuertemente influenciado por la deformación dentro de los regímenes frágiles y dúctiles. La localización de la mineralización se rige por los procesos de mejora de la permeabilidad y la arquitectura estructural que involucra zonas de daño por fallas, intersecciones de fallas, orientaciones y magnitudes de campos de esfuerzos, presión de fluidos y propiedades de la roca huésped. La generación de permeabilidad constante favorece múltiples inyecciones de flujo de fluidos y el enriquecimiento de los sistemas mineralizados, y es particularmente eficiente en canales de fluido relacionados con fallas de penetrativas y profundas. El trabajo presentado aquí tuvo como objetivo definir el marco estructural y geológico del depósito de oro Buriticá en Colombia, a través de la evaluación de los controles de ley de oro, la distribución de las unidades de roca huésped y los elementos guía, el desarrollo de vetas y alteraciones, y las relaciones geométricas y de sobreimpresión de las vetas con estructuras no mineralizadas y eventos intrusivos. La revisión de conjuntos de datos geoquímicos a escala de depósito ha sido esencial para resolver la distribución 3D de elementos y ensamblajes de alteración. En combinación con la documentación de las estructuras de la roca huésped y las relaciones de sobreimpresión, esto ha sido un elemento crítico para establecer la red de permeabilidad controlada estructuralmente responsable del desarrollo del sistema hidrotermal de Buriticá. Finalmente, el trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la historia geológica a escala del depósito y brindar orientación sobre las implicaciones para los procedimientos de exploración. El enfoque se logró mediante el uso de técnicas que incluyeron logueo y muestreo, mapeo superficial y subterráneo, petrografía de rocas huésped y vetas, clasificaciones litogeoquímicas, DRX, geocronología y modelado 3-D. El depósito de oro Buriticá es un sistema mineral-hidrotermal controlado por fallas, delimitado por fallas penetrativas de larga duración que proporcionaron canales permeables para el flujo de fluidos y múltiples etapas de relleno de vetas. A escala de yacimiento y depósito, las estructuras mineralizadas se desarrollaron como vetas de extensión albergadas por fallas con deformación posterior. El halo de alteración sericita controla la distribución de leyes de oro en los sistemas mineralizados y rocas hospedantes de Yaraguá y Veta Sur, sobreimprimiendo los conjuntos de alteración hidrotermal típicos y tempranos de un depósito de pórfido de cobre. La evaluación litogeoquímica ha identificado la afinidad calco-alcalina del Complejo Intrusivo Buriticá (BIC), así como la relación directa entre la ley de Au y la intensidad de alteración sericita. Los resultados geocronológicos ubican al BIC dentro del Cinturón del Cauca Medio del Mioceno, reportando una edad U-Pb en circón de 7.7 ± 0.1 Ma. La acomodación de la deformación en las zonas dañadas por fallas, las intersecciones de estructuras mineralizadas y no mineralizadas y la formación de zonas de dilatación tales como jogs y vetas de extensión de segundo orden fueron clave para el desarrollo de altos volúmenes de ley de Au. Palabras clave: (Buriticá, permeabilidad, oro, control de fallas, Cinturón del Cauca Medio, Colombia).
dc.descriptioneng:The development of hydrothermal ore systems is strongly influenced by deformation within brittle and ductile regimes. Localization of mineralization is ruled by permeability enhancement processes and structural architecture that involves fault damage zones, fault intersections, stress field orientations and magnitudes, fluid pressure, and host-rock properties. Constant permeability generation favors multiple fluid flux injections and enrichment of the mineralized systems, and is particularly efficient in deep penetrative fault-related pathways. The work presented here aimed to define the structural and geological framework of the Buriticá gold deposit in Colombia, through assessment of gold grade controls, distribution of host-rock units and gold pathfinders, vein and alteration development, and the geometric and overprinting relationships of veins with non-mineralized structures and intrusive events. The review of deposit-scale geochemical datasets has been essential to resolving the 3D distribution of elements and alteration assemblages. In combination with documentation of host-rock structures and overprinting relationships, this has been a critical element to establishing the structurally-controlled permeability network responsible for development of the Buriticá hydrothermal system. Finally, the work aimed to determine the deposit-scale geological history and provide guidance on the implications for exploration procedures. The approach has been accomplished by using techniques that included logging and sampling, surface and underground mapping, petrography of host-rocks and veins, lithogeochemistry classifications, XRD, geochronology and 3-D modelling. The Buriticá gold deposit is a fault-controlled hydrothermal ore system, bounded by long-lived penetrative faults that provided permeable channels for fluid flux and multiple vein-fill stages. At the orebody- and deposit-scale, mineralized structures developed as fault-hosted extension veins with subsequent shearing. The sericite halo alteration assemblage controls the Au grade distribution in Yaraguá and Veta Sur mineralized systems and host-rocks, overprinting early-formed and typical hydrothermal alteration assemblages of a porphyry Cu deposit. Lithogeochemical assessment has identified the calc-alkaline affinity of the Buriticá Intrusive Complex (BIC), as well as the direct relationship between Au grade and sericite alteration intensity. Geochronology results place the BIC within the Miocene-aged Middle Cauca belt, reporting an U-Pb age on zircon of 7.7 ± 0.1 Ma. The accommodation of strain in fault damage zones, mineralized and non-mineralized structure intersections, and formation of dilation zones such jogs and second-order extension veins, were key for development of high Au grade volumes. Keywords: (Buriticá, permeability, gold, fault control, Middle Cauca belt, Colombia).
dc.description1. Introduction / 1.1. Objectives / 1.1.1. General / 1.1.2. Specific / 2. Geological Framework / 2.1. Regional Geology-Tectonic Evolution / 2.2. Local Geology / 2.2.1 Composition / 2.2.2 Alteration / 2.2.3 Mineralization / 2.3. Structural geology / 3. Theoretical Framework / 3.1. Porphyry deposits / 3.1.1 Hydrothermal alteration / 3.1.2 Veins, Crosscutting relationships and Deformation / 3.1.3 Linkage between Porphyry and Epithermal deposits / 3.2. Permeability and fluid flux in Fault-Controlled Hydrothermal Systems / 3.2.1 Failure Processes and Fracture-Controlled Permeability Enhancement / 3.2.2 Dynamics of Permeability Enhancement and Fluid Flow in Overpressured, High Fluid Flux Regimes: Injection-Driven Failure Sequences / 3.2.3 Geometric and Kinematic Controls on Location, Geometry, and Styles of FractureRelated Permeability Enhancement in Faults / 4. Methodology / 4.1. Logging and sampling / 4.2. Surface-underground mapping / 4.3. Petrography / 4.4. Lithogeochemistry / 4.5. X-ray diffraction / 4.6. Geochronology / 4.7. 3-D modeling / 5. Results / 5.1. Structures / 5.2. Petrography / 5.3. Lithogeochemistry / 5.3.1 Hydrothermal alteration / 5.4. X-Ray Diffraction / 5.5. Geochronology / 6. Discussion / 6.1. Permeability development at the deposits-scale - Roles of faults in the development of permeability / 6.2. Controls on high-grade accumulation zones / 6.3. Fault architecture and igneous intrusion relationships / 6.4. Ongoing exploration implications / 6.5. Litho-geochemistry insights / 7. Conclusions / 8. References / Appendix / Appendix 1. Petrography samples, locations and descriptions. / Appendix 2. XRD data / x Appendix 3. Geochronological data / Appendix 4. Mapping / Appendix 5. Oriented drillcore data
dc.descriptionMaestría
dc.descriptionMagister en Ciencias de la Tierra
dc.descriptionGeología Económica
dc.descriptionGeología Estructural
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.formatapplication/pdf
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dc.languageeng
dc.languagespa
dc.publisherFacultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
dc.publisherManizales
dc.publisherMaestría en Ciencias de la Tierra
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dc.rightshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
dc.subjectBuriticá
dc.subjectMiddle Cauca belt
dc.subjectColombia
dc.subjectPermeability
dc.subjectGold
dc.subjectFault control
dc.subjectCiencias de la tierra
dc.titleStructural architecture of Buriticá gold deposit, Colombia - insights from hydrothermal alteration geochemistry and implications for regional exploration
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Maestría
dc.typehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_bdcc
dc.typeText
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