Resíduos oriundos do descarte de painéis fotovoltaicos: propostas atuais para tratamento e desafios para o Brasil

Abstract

In light of the growing environmental degradation caused by the use of fossil fuels, solar energy arises as a clean and renewable source of power. This is achieved through the use of photovoltaic panels, which capture solar radiation and convert it into electrical energy. In Brazil, the growth rate of photovoltaic distributed generation has been remarkable, surpassing 200% since 2013. Although photovoltaic panels have a lifespan of about 25 years, the need for replacement raises concerns about the proper disposal protocol for these panels. The presence of hazardous materials, such as lead and cadmium, poses a risk to both the environment and human health if not properly managed. Hence, it is imperative to explore strategies that mitigate these risks. This study reviews the technical-scientific literature on strategies to reduce the waste generated in the disposal of photovoltaic panels, analyzing available data in Brazil and globally. The objectives of this study are to provide context on the contamination potential and its effects on the environment; present and discuss solutions aimed at avoiding waste accumulation; discuss the technical and operational challenges in implementing these solutions in Brazil. The study was based on various sources such as the Scielo database, CAPES periodicals, the CAPES thesis bank, Google Scholar, and commercial websites. The following keywords were used in the search: solar energy, photovoltaic module, electronic waste, EVE, photovoltaic technology, solar panels, recycling, and waste generation. We hope to contribute to raising awareness among users and the general public about the risks associated with increased use of photovoltaic panels; compiling information on existing technologies for managing waste generated from photovoltaic panel disposal in a single and easily accessible document; providing a technical analysis of the proposed technologies. In conclusion, this study serves as a reference source for users of photovoltaic panels, technicians, engineers, and anyone interested in knowing more about the subject.