The growing interest in, and applications of, niobium compounds in organic synthesis and catalysis are surveyed, with a focus on their efficiency and versatility in several classical and broad organic reaction types. It is our hope that this review will spur further investigations of this lesser studied, but equally important, member of group 5 transition metals.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)