| dc.contributor | Chamorro, Ester R. | |
| dc.contributor | Moheimani, Navid R. | |
| dc.creator | Cuello, María Carolina | |
| dc.date | 2021-05-28T13:14:57Z | |
| dc.date | 2021-05-28T13:14:57Z | |
| dc.date | 2020 | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2023-08-31T14:18:06Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2023-08-31T14:18:06Z | |
| dc.identifier | http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12272/5181 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | https://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/8547183 | |
| dc.description | Hoy en día, nos enfrentamos ya a una importante escasez de agua dulce, lo que
amenaza la sostenibilidad del desarrollo humano, las estimaciones indican que la
demanda mundial de agua dulce aumentará en un 55% para 2050, principalmente
debido a la creciente demanda en las actividades de manufactura (400%), la
generación de electricidad térmica (140%) y el uso doméstico (130%) (FAO 2012).
Por otra parte, la gran cantidad de líquidos residuales de origen agrícola-ganadero y
las aguas residuales de ciudades en crecimiento, están contaminando los cursos de
agua más rápidamente de lo que la naturaleza puede remediarlas (Abdel-Raouf, Al-
Homaidan et al. 2012).
Las microalgas, microorganismos unicelulares, fotosintéticos, eucarióticos y
procarióticos, que pueden crecer en una amplia variedad de condiciones, tienen
mayor eficiencia que las plantas terrestres para la captación de dióxido de carbono y
el aprovechamiento de la luz solar, por lo que tienen una mayor productividad en
términos de biomasa y metabolitos y, además pueden metabolizar eficientemente los
nutrientes de varias corrientes de efluentes (aguas residuales municipales, agrícolas e
industriales) y producir numerosos compuestos valiosos como proteínas,
carbohidratos y lípidos.
En este trabajo se evaluó la viabilidad del cultivo de las microalgas Scenedesmus
dimorphus y Chlorella pyrenoidosa, solas y consociadas con la bacteria promotora
del crecimiento de plantas Azospirillum brasilense, en mezclas de Suero Ácido de
Queso y Purín Vacuno y, la proporción de estas dos corrientes de aguas residuales en
las que simultáneamente se logran las mejores tasas de remoción de nutrientes y la
mayor producción de bioproductos (biomasa, metabolitos de interés comercial) en
cultivos abiertos al exterior.
En primer lugar, se realizó la selección o screening en condiciones controladas de
laboratorio para seleccionar las condiciones más convenientes para el crecimiento de
las microalgas Scenedesmus dimorphus y Chlorella pyrenoidosa, en Purín Vacuno y
Suero Ácido de Queso. Luego se evaluó la capacidad de remoción de nutrientes por
parte del cultivo de las microalgas en consorcio con la bacteria promotora del
crecimiento Azospirillum brasilense, la productividad volumétrica de biomasa algal y
la composición bioquímica de dicha biomasa (es decir, el contenido de carbohidratos,
lípidos y proteínas) para los cultivos.
vi
Finalmente se estudió el co-cultivo en modo semicontinuo, en estanques abiertos al
exterior, en las condiciones optimizadas.
Se encontró que las microalgas fotoautotróficas Scenedesmus dimorphus y Chlorella
pyrenoidosa se adaptan y crecen en los efluentes de la industria láctea, a saber, Purín
Vacuno y Suero Ácido de Queso. La opacidad del Purín Vacuno, su alto contenido
en nitrógeno amoniacal, el alto contenido de sólidos suspendidos totales, así como el
bajo pH del Suero Ácido de Queso y el rápido descenso del mismo por acción de las
bacterias lácticas cuando el efluente no es esterilizado ni diluido, y su bajo contenido
de nitrógeno en relación al fósforo (Relación N:P 1,8:1) en comparación con la
proporción óptima para el crecimiento microalgal (Relación óptima N:P 16:1)
(Redfield 1958), son los principales factores que retrasan el crecimiento de
Scenedesmus dimorphus y Chlorella pyrenoidosa en los mismos.
El resultado óptimo de crecimiento microalgal y depuración simultáneas, se alcanzó
en mezclas de 50% Purín Vacuno y 50% Suero Ácido de Queso (v/v).
Los consorcios Scenedesmus dimorphus-Azospirillum brasilense y Chlorella
pyrenoidosa-Azospirillum brasilense fueron estudiados por primera vez consociados
de manera programada sin estar co-inmovilizados en microcápsulas de alginato, en
este estudio. Los resultados indican que el consorcio Chlorella pyrenoidosa-
Azospirillum brasilense, es de beneficio para el crecimiento de la microalga, sobre
todo en condiciones adversas al exterior. Esto no ocurre para Scenedesmus
dimorphus en consorcio con la misma bacteria. Además, esta microalga mostró una
escasa tolerancia a bajos pH y altas temperaturas y, sobre todo, inhabilidad para
competir con Chlorella pyrenoidosa en las condiciones cambiantes de los cultivos al
exterior.
En resumen, este estudio muestra que es posible cultivar Chlorella pyrenoidosa
exitosamente y ésta, consociada con una bacteria promotora de crecimiento o sin
ella, es capaz de crecer en efluentes de la industria láctea, tales como el Purín
Vacuno y el Suero Ácido de Queso, sin esterilizar, ni diluir, ni agregar nutrientes, lo
que además de remover contaminantes de los mismos, disminuye la huella hídrica,
de carbono y energética, de un cultivo tradicional de microalgas.
Además, los extractivos lipídicos de la biomasa algal obtenida, contienen
biomoléculas de alto valor agregado que justifican su aislamiento de la biomasa algal
tanto o más que las grasas y aceites a los cuales acompañan. | |
| dc.description | Fil: Cuello, María Carolina. Universidad Tecnológica Nacional. Facultad Regional Córdoba. Dirección de Posgrado; Argentina. | |
| dc.format | application/pdf | |
| dc.language | spa | |
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| dc.rights | info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess | |
| dc.rights | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ | |
| dc.rights | Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacional | |
| dc.rights | Cuello, María Carolina | |
| dc.rights | No comercial solo de uso académico. | |
| dc.subject | Microalgas | |
| dc.subject | Azospirillum | |
| dc.subject | Efluentes | |
| dc.subject | Purín vacuno | |
| dc.subject | Suero ácido | |
| dc.title | Evaluación de la biorremediación de efluentes industriales/municipales con consorcios de microalgas-bacterias promotoras del crecimiento, aprovechando la biomasa generada para producir compuestos orgánicos de alto valor agregado | |
| dc.type | info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis | |
| dc.type | acceptedVersion | |
