Perspective: whole and refined grains and health - Evidence supporting "make half your grains whole"

dc.creatorJones, J.M.
dc.creatorGuzman, C.
dc.creatorBraun, H.J.
dc.date2021-02-16T01:20:16Z
dc.date2021-02-16T01:20:16Z
dc.date2020
dc.date.accessioned2023-07-17T20:07:01Z
dc.date.available2023-07-17T20:07:01Z
dc.identifierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10883/21258
dc.identifier10.1093/advances/nmz114
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/7513044
dc.descriptionResearch-based dietary guidelines suggest that consumers "make half their grains whole." Yet some advocate ingesting only whole-grain foods (WGFs) and avoiding all refined-grain foods (RGFs). Some even recommend avoiding all grain-based foods (GBFs). This article will provide arguments to counter negative deductions about GBFs and RGFs, especially staple ones, and to support dietary guidance recommending a balance of GBFs - achieved through the right mix, type, and quantity of WGFs and RGFs. Studies looking at early mortality, body weight, and glucose tolerance and diabetes will be used as examples to characterize the literature about GBFs. The following issues are highlighted: 1) inconsistent findings between epidemiological and interventional studies and impacts of GBFs on health outcomes, and the underreporting of findings showing RGFs neither raise nor lower health risks; 2) multiple confounding and potential interactions make adequate statistical adjustment difficult; 3) nonuniform WGF definitions among studies make comparison of results challenging, especially because some WGFs may contain 49-74% refined grain (RG); 4) binary categorization of GBFs creates bias because nearly all categories of WGFs are recommended, but nearly half the RGF categories are not; 5) ingestion of >5 (30-g) servings RGFs/d and <1 serving WFGs/d creates dietary imbalance; 6) pattern names (e.g., "white bread") may impugn RGFs, when names such as "unbalanced" or "few fruits and vegetables" may more fairly characterize the dietary imbalance; 7) avoidance of all enriched RGs may not only impair status of folate and other B vitamins and certain minerals such as iron and zinc but also decrease acceptability of WGFs; 8) extrapolation beyond median documented intakes in high-WGF consumers (∼48 g whole grain/d) in most cohorts is speculative; 9) recommended dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet demonstrate that the right mix of WGFs and RGFs contributes to positive health outcomes.
dc.description492-506
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherOxford University Press
dc.rightsCIMMYT manages Intellectual Assets as International Public Goods. The user is free to download, print, store and share this work. In case you want to translate or create any other derivative work and share or distribute such translation/derivative work, please contact CIMMYT-Knowledge-Center@cgiar.org indicating the work you want to use and the kind of use you intend; CIMMYT will contact you with the suitable license for that purpose
dc.rightsOpen Access
dc.source3
dc.source11
dc.source2161-8313
dc.sourceAdvances in Nutrition
dc.subjectAGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
dc.subjectWhole Grains
dc.subjectRefined Grains
dc.subjectIndulgent Grains
dc.subjectBias and Confounding
dc.subjectChronic Disease Risk
dc.subjectBalanced Dietary Patterns
dc.subjectCarbohydrate and Grain Avoidance
dc.subjectWHOLE GRAIN FOODS
dc.subjectGRAIN
dc.subjectDIETARY GUIDELINES
dc.subjectCHRONIC COURSE
dc.subjectFOOD ENRICHMENT
dc.subjectFOOD FORTIFICATION
dc.subjectBALANCED DIETS
dc.subjectCARBOHYDRATES
dc.titlePerspective: whole and refined grains and health - Evidence supporting "make half your grains whole"
dc.typeArticle
dc.typePublished Version
dc.coverageUSA


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