Métodos ópticos para caracterização de petróleo e dióxido de carbono

Abstract

This work aims to assist the optical instrumentation development for oil and carbon dioxide detection: this instrumentation will serve as basis for the development of a monitoring system involving two-phase flow of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and oil. In the first part studies were develo- ped on the optical properties of oil and CO2 in the visible region (VIS), NIR and mid infrared (MIR). In the NIR region were performed works of optical characterization of CO2 , water and oil in static regime and dynamic regime were studied the two-phase flow involving water and air. In the study of CO2 were presented results for obtaining the absorption characteristic lines in the region of 1.5 μm and 2.0 μm, using different experimental techniques: with the gas chamber with the use of photonic crystal optical fiber (PCF) and finally with the use camera with multi-reflections. The experimental results obtained from the CO2 were compared with the results found in the literature, coinciding with values of tenths of a nanometer order to the region of 1.5 μm. Still in the CO2 were observed, in the gas chamber, the relation between camera pressure with characteristics of absorption lines. Data were obtained for oil fot its optical absorbance in regions of the VIS, NIR, MIR and far infrared (FIR) through numerous techniques of commercial and experimental spectroscopy: Spectroscopy in visible reflectance (ATR) and Fourier transform (FTIR). The FTIR results allowed to choose the regions of lower initial absorbance of oil in the regions of the NIR and MIR which in the future may be applied to optical technique for monitoring the CO2 diluted in oil; this is in the NIR region of 1.57 μm and MIR spectral region of 2.0 μm and 4.3 μm. In the experimental measurements in the region of 4.3 μm was found the amount of oil absorbance of 0.11 u.a./cm which differ by two orders of magnitude with the results obtained with FTIR. Another experiment performed with oil was aimed to obtain results for absorption into a thin film oil using a supercontinuum source and an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA), and obtaining optical attenuation coefficient by using the PCF, the results were compared. For work on the spectral region of the FIR the effects of radiation emissivity to different materials with use of a CCD camera operating in the NIR and FAR region have being studied. All the results for the absorbance of the oil and CO2 were compared. Finally the optical study of oil solutions was observed at surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with incident light at an angle of 5 o with the metal film, finding a variation the 45 nm of refractive index unit. In the doctorate work the best results were obtained in the IR region of 4.3 μm , using as a source resistive elements and how detectors was utilized a thermopile, these results were obtained for a thick of oil of 6 cm.