Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Withanolides from Salpichroa origanifolia and Analogues on Ceratitis capitata

Abstract

Biological effects on Ceratitis capitata were evaluated for several withanolides isolated from Salpichroa origanifolia (Solanaceae), (20S,22R,24S,25S,26R)-5α,6α:22,26:24, 25-triepoxy-26-hydroxy-17(13→18)-abeo-ergosta-2,13,15,17-tetraen-1-one (salpichrolide A, 1), (20S,22R,24S,25S,26R)-22,26:24,25-diepoxy-5α,6β ,26-trihydroxy-17(13→18)-abeo-ergosta-2,13,15,17-tetraen-1-one (salpichrolide C, 2), (20S,22R,24S,25S,26R)-5α,6α; 22,26:24,25-triepoxy-15,26-dihydroxy-17(13→18)abeo-ergosta-2,13,15, 17-tetraen-1-one (salpichrolide G, 3), and (20S,22R,24S,25S,26R)-5α ,6α:22,26:24,25-triepoxy-1,26-dihydroxy-17(13→18)-abeo-ergosta-2,13, 15,17-tetraene (salpichrolide B, 5), and for chemically modified analogues. Influence of chemical modifications on development delay was analyzed. The compounds were incorporated into the larval diet and the adults' drinking water. Significant development delays from larvae to puparia were observed in treatments with the natural withanolides salpichrolides A, C, and G (1-3) at a concentration of 500 ppm. Salpichrolide B (5) was the most toxic compound, the highest mortality (95%) being observed at the larval stage. Exposure of adults to drinking water containing natural withanolides 1-3 and 5 produced mortality in all cases.