Avaliação da adequação energética e de macronutrientes em atletas

Abstract

Adequate intake of nutrients by athletes positively affects in the improvement of athletic performance and general state of health. However, previous studies have shown that athlete’s dietary intake does not reach the energy values and macronutrients recommended for this group. In addition, we found a few national and international studies that verified the contribution of dietary supplements on the adequacy of the diet of athletes. Objective. Summarize the most recent data on energy and macronutrients intake for athletes, and describe the energy and macronutrient consumption in professional athletes, assessing the contribution of dietary supplements for nutritional adequacy, following the recommendations proposed to this specific group. Methods. For the systematic review, two authors independently systematically researched three databases (Scielo, Lilacs and Medline), published in the period from 2010 to 2014. The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed, and the qualities of information of articles reviewed were evaluated using STROBE Initiative Recommendations. The second paper was a cross sectional study starting in 2013, participated 182 athletes from 19 different sports (150 male and 32 female) with a mean age, weight, height and BMI of 23.8 ± 7.5 years, 73.7 ± 15.6kg, 1.7 ± 0.1m, 24.2 ± 4.0kg/m², respectively. 24-h dietary recall was applied for evaluating consumption and the program MSM for the evaluation of the usual consumption. We used t-test, MannWhitney, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis for statistical analysis. Results. Seventeen articles were included in the revision. Forty-seven percent of researchers used a dietary record as their primary method of assessment of consumption. All studies presented inadequacy in at least one macronutrient. The main inadequacies were for energy (80.0%) and carbohydrate (71.4%) which was below the recommendation. The proteins on the other hand, were within the recommended in 50.0% of the articles. In the original article, 39,0% of athletes studied have been used dietary supplements. Consumption relative to the weight for energy and all macronutrients was higher among females. Energy intake was below the recommended in 52.7% of diet A, and in 45.6% of diet A+S. The inadequacy of carbohydrate (g.kg-1.dia-1) was high in average total athletes to genders and between modes in the diets A and AS. The protein intake was above recommended levels in 23.1% in the diet A and 33.5% in the diet A + S, where supplementation increased significantly over-consumption. As for lipid intake were above the recommended dietary 47.3% A and 50.0% in the diet A + S. Conclusion. Both studies show that food intake between athletes was inadequate, characterized for low-energy and low-carbohydrate diet. Use of dietary supplements among athletes showed emphasis on protein intake, which increased the inadequacy of excessive protein intake. However, supplementation did not help in reduction of energy and carbohydrates inadequacies, remaining athletes below the recommended. More research is required to prove the effects of the inadequacy both in health as in performance of these athletes.