Efetividade da terapia fibrinolítica para tratamento pré-hospitalar do infarto agudo do miocárdio

Abstract

Fibrinolytic Therapy (TF) is the pharmacological treatment for myocardial reperfusion in patients with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation (IAMCST) in accordance with the criteria of indication and contraindication. Its pre-hospital administration is associated with a significant reduction in mortality rates. This study aimed to describe the effectiveness of the use of TF in prehospital care for the treatment of patients with STEMI. Epidemiological research, with a quantitative approach, of the descriptive, analytical, observational, individuated type, performed through a sectional design. It was carried out in two stages in which the first occurred with the Mobile Emergency Service (SAMU) and Emergency Care Units (UPA) of the city of Natal / RN and the second in the services referenced as entry ports of those units. Data were collected from secondary sources in the period from March to October 2017. For this study, the effectiveness was related to the outcome of the patients, considered as clinical improvement. The data were organized in a spreadsheet using the Microsoft Excel® 2010 program, submitted to statistical analysis through the Statistic Package for Social Sciences - SPSS® version 20.0. Frequencies and measures of central tendency were used and association measures were applied (chi-square test). The level of significance was set at 0.05 (p<0.05). The Research Protocol of this study was approved in its ethical and methodological aspects by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte under opinion no. 1,762,797 and CAAE no. 59963416.5.0000.5537. Of the 53 patients' charts of the final study sample, there was a predominance of care by the UPA with 88.68%, when 41.51% were discharged with clinical improvement still in the prehospital care, 37.73% were transferred to other services and 13.21% died. The main signs and symptoms at admission were precordialgia (84.62%), sweating (36.54%), dyspnea (26.92%), hypertension (19.23%), nausea (17.31%), malaise (17.31%) and emesis (13.46%). The main characteristic of chest discomfort was precordialgia (70.45%). The TF drug administered in all patients was tenecteplase. The median time to symptom-port was 180 minutes, symptom-reperfusion 300 minutes and needle-holder 160 minutes. As outcome, 74.47% had clinical improvement, 19.15% died, 4.25% refractory AMI and 2.13 reinfarction. The main characteristic of the clinical improvement was the reversal of precordialgia (68.57%), characterized as myocardial reperfusion criterion. Early administration of TF could still optimize the outcome of clinical improvement (100%) when performed within 3 hours. In 60.78% of the cases, there was no record of occurrences that could be related to the use of TF and among the occurrences after its use, 21.56% presented some bleeding. As a limitation, it was observed the insufficiency of important records. The present study presented scientific evidence of the effectiveness of TF with improvement of the clinical outcomes of the patients who used it and the shorter times related to chest discomfort and the administration of TF were responsible for increasing the outcomes of clinical improvement and reducing the outcome of death.