Fabricação e caracterização de um filtro de rejeitos cerâmicos, carvão ativado e nanopartículas de ZnO para purificação de água

Abstract

Current environmental concerns consider the high human consumption of products that are easily discarded when they could be recycled or easily reused. However, the use of tailings or residues incorporated in the ceramic masses has been a positive factor in the ceramic industries, as it provides the final product with mineralogical, thermal and mechanical characteristics similar to conventional raw materials. Therefore, this work has the objective of developing a filter and two filtering media for water filtration. The methodological procedures for confection of the filters occurred in two stages. The first using as raw material, tailings (tile and gypsum) and kaolin, aims to retain solid suspended impurities, organic and inorganic substances, being named as F0. The second step, the filter was manufactured using kaolin, activated charcoal and zinc oxide, in which it aimed the elimination of bacteria and microorganisms from the water. In this second stage, three formulations named FI, FII and FIII were developed, varying the mass proportions. The filter was made using an acrylic tube to verify the clarity of the water, a technology tube, for fixing the filter media and seals. The post-ceramics were comminuted, sieved in ABNT 200 mesh and characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (FRX), Granulometry and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques, then homogenized, humidified and pressed with a pressure of 25 MPa. The samples were sintered at a temperature of 1100 ° C with a 60 minute step and a heating rate of 10 ° C / min. To evaluate the technological properties of the filters, linear retraction (RL), water absorption (AA), apparent porosity (PA) and bulk density tests were performed. The physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of the water were analyzed before and after the filtration. The results of the water analysis before filtration detected high contaminant indices such as turbidity (118.93%), total coliforms (390.0%) and coli (7.8%). After filtration, there was considerable retention of infectious elements in all samples. The best formulation was obtained with pH (6.70), turbidity (96.2%), total coliforms (73.2%) and Escherichia coli (58.98%). Therefore, this result has led to the potential of utility for agricultural, industrial, domestic and aquaculture purposes.