Utilização de nanopartículas de poli (ácido láctico-co-glicólico) e de prata na neutralização de SARS-CoV-2: revisão

Abstract

Microorganisms, with their diverse and ample characteristics, are rapidly spread in the environment. Among them, SARS-CoV-2 has gained prominence as it has become a threat to human health and the ecosystems worldwide. Hence, there is a need in controlling it through antiviral agents, substances that are able to neutralize these microorganisms. In the Materials Engineering field, researches about nanoparticles that have antimicrobial action are being carried out, observing their ability to neutralize the infection potential of viral entry into host cells. For these purposes, in this study, we highlight the poly nanoparticles (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) due to their high antiviral action, excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, and low toxicity, which is widely used in the development of nanomedicine and also as a new alternative to combat viral diseases in the current context of SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the choosing of silver nanoparticles in this work is due to their antiviral properties in the development of fabrics for face masks and personal protective equipment, besides to being widely used in food, cosmetic, and textile industries, contributing significantly to their valorization in the market during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In this scenario, the present research consists in a literature review that aimed to identify the antiviral activity of poly nanosponges (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in the neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. The results obtained indicate that many investigations have verified the virucidal effect of poly nanosponges (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) against SARS-CoV-2 by around 90%, since poly nanosponges (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) attach to the spike of SARS-CoV-2, preventing viral entry in the cell membrane. Considering the analysis identified in the literature, the authors detected the antiviral action of 10 nanometer silver nanoparticles in the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in concentrations between 1 and 10 ppm, in addition to the neutralization of SARS-CoV -2 in silver nanoparticles in 99% of the cases, after 2 minutes of contact, which is associated with the disruption of disulfide bonds in the Spike protein and in the ACE-2 receptors. For comparative matters, it was noticed that the antiviral activity of silver nanoparticles is more effective in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 than poly nanoparticles (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), since they have a high catalytic activity and high chemical, electrical, and thermal stability, in addition to its morphology and reduced size, which influence the surface area and directly affects the infection potential of the viral entry into the cell as an antiviral action. Thus, there are scientific studies that test this applicability in the biomaterials area, such as tissue regeneration through the use of silver nanoparticles covered by ceramic compounds with antiviral activity in the field of ceramic biomaterials, an area that is now strategically fundamental in the combat of SARS-CoV-2.