Tese
Mobilidade urbana na Grande São Paulo: deslocamento pendular para trabalho, tipologia socioeconômica, migração e diferenciais de rendimento
Fecha
2018-04-23Autor
Verônica de Castro Lameira
Institución
Resumen
This thesis presents three essays that explore different dimensions of commuting mobility for
work in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (RMSP) from the microdata of the Brazilian
Demographic Census of 2010. The main argument that permeates all the discussion developed
throughout the thesis is that the urbanization process and the metropolization that the
Metropolitan Region of São Paulo underwent, confirmed that the metropolitan area, which we
are currently facing, faces urban mobility bottlenecks, especially in the daily life for work,
marked by the expressive volume and heterogeneity of those who carry it out daily. Thus, in
the first essay of the thesis entitled “Urbanization, metropolization and mobility for work:
entering the São Paulo Metropolitan Region from the 2010 Demographic Census”, a
socioeconomic division of the metropolitan space is proposed, through the technique of
regionalization called the Minimum Generating Tree in order to identify individual profiles
for the pendulous flows according to groups of homogeneous municipalities, in order to
characterize and direct commuting flows according to the economic and social peculiarities of
the municipalities of origin and destination. These were obtained from multinomial logistic
regressions for commuting choices, according to the different municipal profiles found, as
well as individual characteristics, showing that white and yellow individuals, older, married,
responsible for family and construction workers more likely to cross municipal boundaries for
work daily, when compared to black, brown or indigenous, young individuals. In addition, the
presence of children at home does not inhibit commuting in general. However, women with
children are less likely to work outside the municipality where they live. In the second essay, entitled “Urban Typology, Migration and commuting for Work in the Metropolitan Region of
São Paulo: The Role of Distance in the Connections between Daily and Permanent Mobility”,
the connection between migration and commuting mobility for work is investigated, migrants
are more prone to commuting according to the urban typology to which they are inserted, and
if the relation between commuting and migration differs according to the distance in which
the latter takes place. Through the bivariate probit methodologies and generalized structural
equation models, the main results show the relation between the commuting and the
migration, which are associated according to the distance. Commuting displacements and
migration are negatively associated when migration is from long distance. On the other hand,
the relation between commuting and migration is positive when it occurs at short distances.
These results suggest complementarity in intrametropolitan and intermunicipal migrations,
and substitution in cases of permanent mobility being intra-state, interstate or interregional. In
addition, the importance of socio-demographic characteristics, such as sex, age, marital status,
race, presence of children in the household, as well as occupational attributes such as
formalization in the labor market, are important factors in the explanation of commuting and
of the migratory distances considered. In the third essay of the thesis, “Commuting movement
for work and wage differentials in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo: a multiscale
approach”, the salary differentials due to commuting conditions in the SPM are investigated.
From the methodological point of view, the trial uses cross-section regressions, which take
into account the characteristics of the workers, the workplaces, and the cities of residence,
considering the hierarchical nature of the data. Thus, quantum models, hierarchical, and
quantum-hierarchical models are used. The salary differentials from the quantile models show
that they tend to be lower in the higher percentiles of income distribution for both men and
women. The main results reveal wage premium for commuters, even after controlling for the
individual characteristics and the municipal context in which the workers are inserted.
Employed without a formal contract, on their own account, or with a formal contract, receive
lower hourly wages in relation to workers in the position of employers. The average
differences in earnings between occupational status are similar for men and women. Although
higher education guarantees labor incomes well above those received by high school
graduates, it seems to matter a great deal for both men and women to rise to ever greater
instructional levels as a way of addressing such differences in relation to graduates. Regarding
the municipal characteristics, it is still important to rent in salary differentials for both sexes.
In turn, the results obtained using hierarchical quantum models show the relationship between
commuting and hourly income differentials, as well as migration, schooling, race, occupational status and sector of activity in the different income distribution quantiles. male
and female workers. From the three essays of the thesis, the importance of the heterogeneity
of the territory for the study of the commuting for work, the role of the migratory distance and
the migration to understand the commuting becomes evident. It is also worth noting the
presence of incomes, on average, higher for workers commuting before those who work and
who live in similar municipalities. Public policies focused on urban mobility for work,
centered on the stimulation of economic polycentrality and job creation in the outskirts of
Greater São Paulo are suggested, in order to make possible greater social inclusion of the
population located in the peripheries and facilitate the intense daily coming and going of the
population.