Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y estrategias de diagnóstico para retinoblastoma, melanoma de coroides y nevus coroideo, revisión sistemática de la literatura

Abstract

Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and diagnostic strategies for retinoblastoma, choroidal melanoma and choroidal nevus, based on the best available evidence. Methodology: Quantitative study type systematic review; For the selection of the documents, articles and gray literature published from 2005 to 2021 were taken into account that spoke about retinoblastoma, choroidal melanoma, and choroidal nevus. The phases that were considered for the development of the proposal included: construction of equations, search for information, evaluation of the quality of publications, and finally the extraction of information that was presented using summary tables. Results: Retinoblastoma is a hereditary or non-hereditary childhood tumor; its late diagnosis includes after 7 years of age. On the other hand, choroidal melanoma is acquired and occurs in people over 40 years of age. Choroidal nevus is a common benign tumor in the adult population. Direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy is the initial technique that reveals the presence of a mass. Ocular ultrasound shows characteristics of tumors and detects extrascleral extension, as does magnetic resonance imaging. Optical coherence tomography shows manifestations of the tumor, its location in the layers of the retina and identifies very small tumors. Autofluorescence recognizes lipofuscin in the lesion, and fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography recognize tumor circulation patterns. Conclusions: A relationship was evidenced between the histological classification of choroidal melanoma and the prognosis of the patient. On the other hand, there is a relationship between the incidence and risk factors of nevus and choroidal melanoma, because the places with the highest incidence were those where the majority of the population had risk characteristics.