Validation of the pandemic emotional impact scale
Autor
Ballou, Sarah
Gray, Sarah
Palsson, Olafur S.
Institución
Resumen
Objective. The COVID-19 pandemic represents the most universal shared stressor for the
general United States (U.S) population in many decades. Due to the unprecedented
circumstances of COVID-19, no existing questionnaires can comprehensively measure the multifaceted psychological effects attributable to this health crisis. This study aimed to validate a
measure for that purpose.
Methods. A 16-item questionnaire, the Pandemic Emotional Impact Scale (PEIS), was designed
and subjected to initial validation in an internet survey completed by a nationally
representative sample of 1500 adults living in the U.S. This survey was completed between May
18 and May 30, 2020, during the height of the pandemic’s impact on society.
Results. The PEIS demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.94) and
Guttman split-half reliability (0.95). Exploratory factor analysis suggested two sub-scales --
emotional impact and pragmatic worries -- but these were highly correlated with the overall
scale score suggesting that the total score can be used in most cases. The PEIS demonstrated
good concurrent validity via robust positive correlations with anxiety, depression and stress,
and negative correlations with quality of life and happiness. Criterion validity was supported by
the finding that individuals who reported employment loss or loss of income due to the
pandemic, had experienced COVID-19 infection in their household, or knew somebody
personally who died from the pandemic, had elevated scores on the PEIS.
Conclusions. The PEIS questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument that addresses a
significant unmet need for a research instrument that can comprehensively measure pandemicrelated effects on the emotional wellbeing of individuals in the U.S population.