| dc.description.abstract | Extensive medical research showed that patients, with high protein concentration in urine, have
various kinds of kidney diseases, referred to as proteinuria. Urinary protein biomarkers are useful for
diagnosis of many health conditions – kidney and cardio vascular diseases, cancers, diabetes,
infections. This review focuses on the instrumental quantification (electrophoresis, chromatography,
immunoassays, mass spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy, the infrared spectroscopy, and Raman
spectroscopy) of proteins (the most of all albumin) in human urine matrix. Different techniques provide
unique information on what constituents of the urine are. Due to complex nature of urine, a separation
step by electrophoresis or chromatography are often used for proteomics study of urine. Mass
spectrometry is a powerful tool for the discovery and the analysis of biomarkers in urine, however,
costs of the analysis are high, especially for quantitative analysis. Immunoassays, which often come
with fluorescence detection, are major qualitative and quantitative tools in clinical analysis. While
Infrared and Raman spectroscopies do not give extensive information about urine, they could become
important tools for the routine clinical diagnostics of kidney problems, due to rapidness and low-cost.
Thus, it is important to review all the applicable techniques and methods related to urine analysis. In
this review, a brief overview of each technique’s principle is introduced. Where applicable, research
papers about protein determination in urine are summarized with the main figures of merits, such as the
limit of detection, the detectable range, recovery and accuracy, when available. | |
