Defective ubiquitination of cerebral proteins in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), senile plaques, and cerebrovascular deposits of amyloid-beta. Ubiquitin has also been shown to be present in some of the inclusions characteristic of this disease. To obtain further insight into the role played by the ubiquitin pathway in AD, we investigated the capacity of postmortem samples of cerebral cortex from normal and AD patients to form high-molecular-weight ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Activity of the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2) involved in the ubiquitin pathway was also determined. In normal samples, the amount of high-molecular-weight ubiquitin-protein conjugates (HMW-UbPC) in cytosol increased with incubation time, whereas, in samples of AD cases, these were almost undetectable. The addition of an adult rat fraction, enriched in ubiquitinating enzymes, restored the capacity of AD brain cytosolic fraction to form conjugates. The trypsin-like proteolytic activity of the 26S proteasome was found to be decreased in AD cytosol brain. Assay of the activity of E1 and E2 by thiol-ester formation revealed a significant decrease in AD samples. Moreover, Western blotting using a specific antibody against E1 showed a dramatic drop of this enzyme in the cytosolic fraction, whereas normal levels were found in the particulate fraction, suggesting a possible delocalization of the enzyme. Our results suggest that a failure in the ubiquitination enzymatic system in brain cytosol may contribute to fibrillar pathology in AD.