Background and Objectives. Quality of life (QOL) is an important clinical end-point to be considered in the late follow-up of patients treated with allogeneic bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation. Design and Methods. To assess the QOL in a group of survivors of hematologic malignancies who had been enrolled in a prospective randomized trial comparing allogeneic BM with PBPC. Sixty randomized patients had been enrolled in a study comparing BM-with PBPC graft during 1995-99. At the time of this QOL study, 30 were alive and 26 (13 BM and 13 PBPC) were eligible. Clinical and demographic data were collected and psychometric instruments (WHOQOL-100 and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-HAD) were used. Non-parametric and univariate analyses were performed. Results. The PBPC recipients had more chronic graft-versus-host disease (p=0.03) and were on immunosuppressive treatment for a longer period (p=0.02). The WHOQOL-100 analysis demonstrated significant differences between groups With, more favorable results in the BM group in the facets of Pain and Discomfort (p=0.03), Mobility (p=0.02) and Daily Living Activities (p=0.03). According to the patients' spontaneous responses, 8 individuals (6 in the PBPC group) believed that their QOL had worsened. Interpretation and Conclusions. With the limitations of a small randomized study, these findings suggest a lower QOL in recipients of allogeneic PBPC than in recipients of BM grafts, probably due to the frequency and severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease. This need to be confirmed in a large international trial. (C) 2002, Ferrata Storti Foundation.871212811285