| dc.creator | Araujo P.D. | |
| dc.creator | Da Silva E.P. | |
| dc.creator | Amaral E.G. | |
| dc.creator | Pinto C.D.S. | |
| dc.date | 2002 | |
| dc.date | 2015-06-30T16:45:14Z | |
| dc.date | 2015-11-26T15:37:36Z | |
| dc.date | 2015-06-30T16:45:14Z | |
| dc.date | 2015-11-26T15:37:36Z | |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2018-03-28T22:46:01Z | |
| dc.date.available | 2018-03-28T22:46:01Z | |
| dc.identifier | | |
| dc.identifier | Sae Technical Papers. , v. , n. , p. - , 2002. | |
| dc.identifier | | |
| dc.identifier | 10.4271/2002-01-3406 | |
| dc.identifier | http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84877531756&partnerID=40&md5=fe84791f704f3ab8077e32512a8e850b | |
| dc.identifier | http://www.repositorio.unicamp.br/handle/REPOSIP/101934 | |
| dc.identifier | http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/101934 | |
| dc.identifier | 2-s2.0-84877531756 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/1263687 | |
| dc.description | INTRODUCTION All over the world the environmental issue has been increasingly focused. In most countries the land transport system makes use of fossil fuels only and, as a consequence, it is dependent on the vulnerability, supply and volatility of the international oil market prices. For example, half of the oil consumed in Brazil is used in the transport sector, and from this figure 80% is consumed by road vehicles [1]. The transport sector has caused environmental degradation, not only locally but also globally, and has significantly contributed to the emission of greenhouse gases. Even though there have been significant reductions in the emission of pollutants over the last two decades, internal combustion engine vehicles are still responsible for up to 70% of the total emission of urban pollutants [2]. The emission of such pollutants, like carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon dioxide (CO2) which is the major greenhouse gas at the present, represents a major part of the atmospheric pollution. This sector is also responsible for 50% of the global emissions of hydrocarbons [3] and around 30% of the global emissions of carbon dioxide due to energy use [4]. There are many actions intended to control the high levels of pollution caused by vehicles in large cities. Among these actions, the one proposed by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) is the strictest and most rigorous. This proposal required that 2% of the passenger cars and lightest light-duty trucks produced by the auto manufacturers in California were ZEVs (zero emission vehicles) from 1998 [5]. From 2003 this percentage would reach 10% of the total production. This measure greatly increased the existing efforts made by the world's largest and most important car makers to develop vehicles that were technically capable of achieving these requirements. Besides the technologic challenge, the market size and the market share in California were decisive factors to foster research and development in this field. What is the practical importance of these measures? Their importance is that the effective reduction of vehicular emissions demands radical changes in the concepts of motorization and energy supply. Nowadays the only vehicle that fulfills the zero emission requirements is the electric vehicle, when considering the emissions from its propulsion system. The ZEV concept does not consider the emissions associated to other systems different from the vehicle power system; for example the hydrocarbons released by the lubrication system, particulate material from brakes and tires, etc. Neither the emissions originated in previous stages of power generation nor the emissions originated in subsequent stages of material recycling are considered. Since 1990, when CARB announced its resolution to adopt the ZEV commercialization plan, there has been a great mobilization of the vehicle manufacturers concerning the development of clean technologies and the introduction of these technologies in the automobile market. Even though technologic investigations had already been carried out for some years, CARB's initiative contributed to strengthen the general interest and stimulate the acceleration of efforts in the area. The analysts believed that, with this measure, about one million electric vehicles would be in the streets of the United States by 2004. However, in the beginning of 1996, this measure, which would take effect in 1998, was waived. The only requirement that was maintained was the target of 10% of the total Californian fleet to be composed by ZEVs in 2003. Anyhow, many technical advances were attained and the activities on these themes have increased; still, the success of these vehicles deeply depends on the development of on-board technologies for power supply, since the electric vehicles are the only ones which comply with the ZEV attributes at the present time. Among the currently available technologies for electric energy generation, the fuel cells are considered one of the most important alternatives of power supply for electric vehicles. Since the fuel cells are closely related to the hydrogen technology, which is the most appropriate fuel for these cells and provides the best energy performances, this work presents an overview of the evolution of hydrogen-fueled vehicles. Copyright © 2002 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. | |
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| dc.description | | |
| dc.description | | |
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| dc.description | (2001) BEN - Brazilian Energy Balance | |
| dc.description | (1991) National Air Pollutant Emissions Estimates, , Environmental Protection Agency - Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-450/-4-91-004, Research Triangle Park, NC, March | |
| dc.description | Gabel, H.K., Roller, L.H., Trade Liberization, Transportation, and the Environment (1992) The Energy Journal, 12 (1) | |
| dc.description | De Luchi, M.A., (1991) Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from the Use of Transportation Fuels and Electricity, , ANL/ESD/TM-22, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, November | |
| dc.description | (1994) International Solar Energy Society, 18 (4). , December | |
| dc.language | en | |
| dc.publisher | | |
| dc.relation | SAE Technical Papers | |
| dc.rights | fechado | |
| dc.source | Scopus | |
| dc.title | Fuel Cell Vehicle Configuration Trend Analysis | |
| dc.type | Actas de congresos | |
